tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43394940386440155532024-02-19T08:52:31.061-08:00Teacher's Corner<center>“Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God.” - Marriane Williamson </center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-10703129468336438032017-07-30T10:50:00.002-07:002017-07-30T10:50:26.724-07:00Improving Inbound Call Handling - Front Office Management & Customer Service (5th Friday)<b>Improving Inbound Call Handling</b><br />
<br />
<b>1. Have a clear call process or model.</b><br />
<br />
Some things are obvious. Callers answer the phone with some sort of greeting and an offer to help. For example,<br />
<br />
“Thank you calling Medelivers. This is Antoine. How may I help you?” Clearly this is step 1.<br />
Unfortunately, computers tend to take over from there. So, instead of focusing on their callers, agents tend to bully them with impersonal, but necessary questions. Once they’ve made the conversation all about their order screen, its pretty tough to re-engage a caller and start to up-sell. Way too many opportunities are lost right here. Way too many agents feel the cold breeze between themselves and the caller and fail to even try to up-sell. By giving agents a process to follow, they can set a tone more likely to create customer satisfaction and sales, concurrently.<br />
<br />
Try this one, for example:<br />
· Greeting – we know how this one works and what to say.<br />
· Engagement – This is where we respond to what the customer told us when we asked, “How may I help you?” But, we also make it clear that we are interested in providing good service and that we are listening. It can be as simple as, “I’ll be happy to take care of that for you. You’ve come to the right place. May I please trouble you to provide me with your account number or telephone number so that I can access your file?”<br />
<br />
· Need Development –Where we ask all of our questions to understand the problem that caused the inquiry or complaint. It is also where we take the order and gather billing information. Questions here should include how the product will be used, if the customer has the needed supplies or peripherals and how we can best support the customer so the product is used satisfactorily for a long time.<br />
<br />
· Present Solutions – Where we offer recommendations for additional products or services and special<br />
promotions. It comes after need development so that it can begin with “Based on what you told me about your situation, I’d like to recommend you try… Would you like to add that on to your order? ”<br />
<br />
· Close – Wrap up the call by repeating back what has been accomplished. Review the order, the delivery date, the total price, and any other issues that were resolved, etc.<br />
<br />
· Reinforcement – “Thank you for calling Medelivers” is not a very powerful end to a call with an important customer or prospect. Try saying something more compelling such as “Thank you so much for being our customer. Please let us know when we can help you again.” Or, say something that relates to the conversation, such as “I know you are going to be thrilled with your new copier and our delivery service. Please call us again if we can be of service.”<br />
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<b>2. Use your “fancy guest” manners.</b><br />
<br />
Say “please” every time you ask for a piece of information. Say “thank you” every time you get what you asked for.<br />
<br />
Never fail to do this. It is missing from telephone sales and service conversation so often that when you do it, you will be perceived as significantly superior to every one. How easy is that?<br />
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<b>3. Use statement/question pairs to control the conversation without interrogating the caller.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Callers know you need information in order to identify them and then address the reason they phoned. Still, responding to a long list of dry questions is uncomfortable and often annoying. Annoyed people treat you poorly and make your job harder. Then, when you get to the part where your supposed to be presenting a promotion or up-selling, some of them get their revenge and say “no”.<br />
<br />
In order to get your questions answered and create a comfortable dialog, you must be a great conversationalist.<br />
<br />
Great conversationalists know that they must blend telling and asking in order to stay interested and interesting.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here’s the strategy for managing pleasant, interactive conversation while you service and sell. We call it “the statement/question pairs conversation technique”:<br />
<br />
· When you need to ask a question, place a statement in front of it. For example, “I just need to fill out your billing information. What address do you use for billing?” Or, “My name is Lee Overby. May I please have your name?”<br />
<br />
· When you need to tell about a product, service or promotion, describe it and then ask a question afterward to see if the customer heard you and has developed an opinion on its value, so far. For example, “This weeks product promotion takes 20% off of our most popular highlighters. They have a wide tip and come in yellow or blue and a box of 10 is only $4.42. Are these something you will use in your business?”<br />
<br />
· When you need to create action, explain the reasons for acting now and then ask your closing question. For example, “When parents express a concern about interest rates on the loans, I usually recommend that we go ahead and complete the application right away before the information I provide changes. Can we take about 5 minutes and get this done?”<br />
<br />
<b>4. Take care of everyone’s name.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
I grew up with the name Ronna Caras and I bet most of you reading this are pronouncing it incorrectly. Names are tough, especially in the United States where so many ethnicities are represented.<br />
<br />
These techniques can help to make your agents more comfortable with the challenging names. They will also make the contact more inclined to cooperate.<br />
<br />
· Pronounce the name to the best of your ability and ask for confirmation right away: “We usually speak with Ronna Caras. Am I pronouncing that correctly?”<br />
<br />
· Listen closely when the contact says his/her name and say it again immediately to prove you can use the correct pronunciation.<br />
<br />
<b>5. Pre-write product and promotion descriptions so they are colorful and concise.</b><br />
<br />
Nobody is so good that s/he can just “wing it.” It takes years of practice before a great salesperson hones in on the perfect sentence to describe or explain something. The best salespeople eventually come up with statements that are very compelling. But you probably don’t have years. Meanwhile, you’ve got salespeople at various levels of experience explaining your products, services, company, features, benefits and value with a wide range of competence and confidence. Some are very wordy and filled with “ums” and “ahs” and some are so generic the caller can’t see any value in the investment.<br />
<br />
Support sales efforts by creating nicely composed descriptions of everything you offer. Teach agents to use the adjectives and not to edit them out in order to save time.<br />
<br />
<b>6. Allow for the human buying process.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
There is no point in trying to create action if you have never created interest. Yet so many sales pitches try to present and ask for the order in the same breath. Callers say no to a great offer because they have been pushed to fast and when faced with a decision, can decide not to decide.<br />
Human beings have a clear and visible process we go through to make a decision. Some people go through it more quickly than others because of their personalities and the genuine urgency they feel. Others are more cautious.<br />
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<b>Teach your salespeople to move prospects gradually from:</b><br />
<br />
· Fear – Where they say “no thanks” before they even understand the offer, unless they are moved to the next step.<br />
<br />
· Interest – Where the mind starts to see some value and is willing to consider the offer.<br />
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· Evaluation – Where the prospect compares accepting your offer to keeping things the way they are.<br />
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· Desire – Where the prospect wants what you recommend.<br />
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· Action – Where you secure your goal<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>7. “Overcome” objections, don’t “Rebut” them.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Even the best sales conversations will run into some objections. Objections happen when callers are not sold yet the salesperson has asked for the order, or when callers hear something that moves them back to the “fear” step of the buy (see tip #6). Objections need not be deal breakers.<br />
Successful salespeople must be prepared to overcome objections in the most convincing way possible. Too often, they rely upon what we call “rebuttal” which rarely succeeds. The rebuttal is an old-fashioned method which says “I understand how you feel, but… here’s why you should reconsider.”<br />
<br />
In 2002 we know how damaging that “but” is to a relationship. Any good that was accomplished by the empathic and connecting behavior of “I understand how you feel” is completely obliterated by the “but”. You may as well have saved time and said, “I don’t care how you feel. You’re wrong and need to do it my way.”<br />
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Here are the steps to overcoming objections that will truly re-engage the contact and provide the solution needed to get the sale. Please notice the 4 steps are actually 2 statement/question pairs (see tip #3)<br />
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· Empathize – “I understand how you feel.” Or some statement that makes the caller feel listened to and understood. This disarms the prospect.<br />
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· Clarify – “What feels wrong about this?” or “Is it the cost that you are concerned about, or do you have another issue?” This question is the key to making your sale. Ask a question that helps you to understand or proves you already understand. Then, be quiet and hear what the caller tells you. That’s the information you need to get your sale.<br />
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· Present Solution – “I see. Based on what you’ve told me, here’s why this is right for you.” Use the caller’s words and tailor this solution to address the concerns you just heard. That will make it highly effective.<br />
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· Gain Agreement – “What do you think about my idea now?” or “Can you see why this makes sense for you?” These are both examples of “trial closes” that will help to move the prospect back into the buying process so you can close your sale.<br />
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<b>8. Be a student of good diction.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
In our society, the ability to speak clearly is equated with intelligence. Fair or not, people whose Ts and Ds and INGs sound crisp are treated as though their message has more value. People who use standard pronunciations for common words are perceived as more knowledgeable. Knowing this gives us an advantage.<br />
<br />
Here are some ways to practice key sounds and words to improve the way you are treated on the telephone:<br />
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· Ts, Ds, INGs – these “dental” and “guttural” sounds may vary based on the neighborhood where you were raised but in the sales world, there are clear distinctions between right and wrong. Practice with a tape recorder to improve your clarity with the words below.<br />
<br />
o T wouldn’t; prospect; difficult; got; minute; must; consult; software; lighten<br />
o D sand; held; recommend; thousand; card; trend; field; build<br />
o ING catching; meeting; hoping; trying; working; planning; thinking<br />
<br />
· The letter R poses a challenge for many. Practice with a tape recorder to improve your clarity with the words below.<br />
<br />
o R wear; consider; order; card; answer; prepare; secure; carton; market; corner<br />
· STS at the end of a word is just plain tricky. Practice with a tape recorder to improve your clarity with the words below.<br />
<br />
o STS lists; specialists; forecasts; rests; tests; assists; suggests<br />
· These words are often (the T in “often” should be silent) mispronounced and a simple correction can result in more sales. Practice with a tape recorder and the crazy sentences below.<br />
<br />
o Because it is preferable to the company, I basically express business strengths when asked.<br />
<br />
o Mischievous government regulators probably escaped using personal credit cards and avoided<br />
irreparable harm to their often-challenged reputations.<br />
<br />
o Disoriented representatives and supervisors gave accurate descriptions of their expertise,<br />
according to a federal government spokesperson.<br />
<br />
o It is often either nothing, something or everything, wouldn’t you know?<br />
<br />
<b>9. Express the right emotions at the right time</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The moment we answer the phone we begin influencing a caller. We influence callers to think well of us and our company, or we influence them to think poorly. Scripting helps agents to know the right words to say to meet company standards. Teaching the proper emotions helps agents to deliver the messages in a way that has the right impact.<br />
<br />
Just like in a movie, telephone dialog must be delivered in a convincing way, or the listeners won’t feel engaged or cared for. The proper emotions are the key. There are 4 emotions that are appropriate in an inbound sales/service business conversation. If a caller is not projecting 1 of these 4 emotions at all times, then s/he is projecting the opposite emotion, which almost always results in failure.<br />
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Here are the 4 emotions and a way to practice them:<br />
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· Enthusiasm – Perfect when beginning the call; or when describing your company and its offers; as well as when reacting to an explanation of your caller’s situation and goals. Enthusiastic delivery requires use of lots of highs and lows in the voice, variation of speed and the emphasis or “punch” of key words.<br />
<br />
The opposite of enthusiasm is boredom. It is accomplished by keeping the voice monotone. Or, worse, the sing-songy delivery when someone is reading. There is no middle ground here. Boredom will reduce sales results and customer satisfaction.<br />
<br />
Learners can practice the two opposite emotions with this statement, “Based on the situation you describe, I’d like to recommend you take advantage of all 3 of our offers. This will allow you to meet with an expert in your home, already have approval on the first part of the investment and see pictures of the location on the Internet.” You will see very quickly the impact that enthusiasm makes.<br />
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· Curiosity – Lets the salesperson sound “interested” instead of “intrusive”. It uses the higher range of the voice, varied pitch and a lilt at the end to indicate the question mark.<br />
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The opposite of curiosity is doubt or disdain, which comes across as sarcastic or nosy and is not an effective way to move a relationship to the next level. Learners can practice the two opposite emotions with this question, “What process do you go through when making a new investment?”<br />
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· Encouragement – When you need to gain more information or cooperation, you must be able to make the contact feel comfortable and safe enough to go deeper. We encourage people by “dragging out” our words and using the lower more soothing range of our voice.<br />
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The opposite of encouraging is, of course, discouraging.<br />
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Learners can practice the two opposite emotions with this statement, “I see.”<br />
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· Calm – When you need to disarm and diffuse. Using the lower range of the voice and a slower pace,<br />
soothing words will be very powerful.<br />
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The opposite of calm is anger. Too often, words that are meant to gather input carry an angry sound and hurt the chances for a swift and satisfactory resolution.<br />
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Learners can practice the 2 opposite emotions with this question. “How would you like us to solve this?”<br />
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<b>10. Don’t just listen, pay attention.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Listening is the great equalizer for salespeople. Callers talk in order to communicate with you. When people talk to you it is because they want you to know how they feel, what they believe or what they want. This information is exactly what you need to know so that you can re-position your offer to satisfy this person. The more they talk, the better chance you have of making a sale. So, getting people to talk and hearing what they say, actually makes the job of a salesperson easier. I had a great Sales Manager years ago that said, “Give them enough rope and they’ll hang themselves.”<br />
<br />
Monitor 10 calls or monitor 1000 calls. It is obvious that many salespeople and service people do not bother to listen. While the caller is talking, many representatives are busy thinking about how they can interrupt, what they are going to say next or what task they wish they could move on to. Still other agents believe they can listen and be thinking about their next question at the same time. They could not be more wrong. Listening is only useful if you pay attention. It is only helpful if you can take the information the caller just provided and use it to decide how to respond.<br />
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<b>Here are the ‘rules’ for listening to increase your results:</b><br />
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· Anytime a caller speaks, you must be prepared to write down what s/he says. By stopping to do this, you force yourself to pay attention.<br />
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· After a caller speaks, you must respond with some sort of empathy statement. This makes your caller believe you were listening and that you heard and that you understand. “I see what you mean” and “How interesting” are 2 examples.<br />
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· If you do not understand what someone means, try “Can you please tell me more about that?” or “Can you please help me to understand why that is important?” Nothing could be more flattering to a caller.<br />
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· Once you understand the information the caller has provided, decide what to say next to help the caller understand why you are recommending the up-sell.<br />
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· If you need to change to a different product because of what you just learned, do so. Your chances of making a sale are very high when it is based on what a caller just told you.<br />
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These 10 tips are just a few of many that we have taught to thousands of successful sales and service professionals during the last 12 years. We are happy to share them with you so that you can continue to improve your results and develop the skills of your staff. Please let us know if we can be of even greater service to you now, or in the future.<br />
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Source:<br />
http://www.crmxchange.comUnknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-91059823340687524602017-07-30T10:38:00.000-07:002017-07-30T10:38:18.038-07:00Dealing with Outbound Calls - Front Office Management & Customer Service (5th Friday)How To Deal With Outbound Calling<br />
by: <a href="https://www.callcentrehelper.com/how-to-deal-with-outbound-calling-11832.htm" target="_blank">Stella Jones</a><br />
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Outbound calling can be a tough job. You need to have the ability to listen to the person at the other end, communicate to them what you need them to know, and handle their concerns and issues with professionalism.<br />
<br />
However, outbound callers also need to be strong sales people, with the ability to deal with knock backs and irate customers who object to being cold called.<br />
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Stella Jones highlights some of the ways to develop the skills needed for outbound calling.<br />
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<b>1. Cold calling</b><br />
Callers need to plan their call and have a clear call route to follow. If they know the introduction they are going to use and how to make the reason for their call compelling to the customer, they will have more confidence making the call. It is important to get their personality across and make their call stand out from all the other calls that person has received that day.<br />
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A good way is to pretend you are having a face-to-face meeting and talk to customers in that friendly relaxed way.<br />
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When working on a campaign we ensure that the team have practiced their opening lines and key messages thoroughly, so they are relaxed and professional.<br />
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<b>2. Knock backs</b><br />
We train our team to know that they will get knock backs, but they will be surprised at the number of people that they are able to turn around.<br />
<br />
If a prospect says they are not interested, our team ensure they don’t ask why, as this reinforces the objection. Repeating the objection has the same results. Instead they ask polite questions to determine why the client said no, to see what they can do to address their concerns.<br />
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It is important that your team are trained not to fall at the first hurdle and this often just comes with practice, practice, practice. However, if the person is clearly not interested, the caller also needs to learn to recognise this, deal with the rejection and try not to take things too personally when people say no. Often it can take several attempts to convince the prospect you are worth seeing.<br />
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<b>3. Objection handling</b><br />
A good way to respond when handling appointment objections is to use the objection as a reason for a sales meeting. We recommend the FEEL, FELT, FOUND technique. In the training our callers practise acknowledging the prospect’s objection: “I understand how you feel. Many customers we have today felt that same way. However, after they looked ____ they found ____ to be the case”, and then are shown how to communicate that at the appointment the person will have time to assess their needs and address these concerns, before setting the appointment.<br />
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<b>4. Irate customers</b><br />
When dealing with irate customers, our callers are trained to talk slowly and calmly. Whilst acknowledging what the customer is saying but speaking slowly themselves, agents will often be able to slow down the customer’s speech. By listening and making notes, agents can learn to ensure they cover the points the customer is irate about and then turn it round, with positives. It doesn’t always work, but many people have been turned around in this way before and often if you can turn these people around they are often the customers that will re-sign and stay.<br />
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<b>5. Selling</b><br />
One of the most important areas of outbound training is sales training – simply put, learning to sell the benefits of the product or service, not its features.<br />
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In training, the focus should be on discovering an offer that the prospect would find it difficult to say no to and then trying to close the call. It is important to be assertive when closing and ensure that you clarify at the end of the call the appointment time and date before thanking them for their time.<br />
<br />
<b>6. Don’t blag it</b><br />
In training we will often slip in questions that we know that the agent does not know the answer to. It is important that under pressure the agent learns not to blag it, and instead to say that they will find out and get back to the customer – or say that they are not the expert and will either come back with the answer or have the appropriate person call back.<br />
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It is better to be honest with customers and manage their expectations, than over-promise something you are not sure about and cause larger problems.<br />
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<b>7. Always start each call as if it is your first</b><br />
Taking the baggage of the previous call with you if it didn’t go well, is likely to make this call go the same way, so make sure it is a fresh start every time. This next call could be your next big customer!<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-10341743717644345112017-07-30T10:12:00.000-07:002017-07-30T10:12:06.543-07:00Cross-Selling, Up-Selling and Creating Loyal Customer - Front Office Management and Customer Service (5th Friday)<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>CROSS AND UP-SELLING<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>Cross-Selling<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Cross-selling generally occurs when the sales representative
has more than one type of product to offer consumers that might be beneficial
to them. Some fields in which cross-selling is most evident include those of
the banking and financial services industries. Banking customers may go into
the bank and sign up for a checking account and later be sold various
investment vehicles such as bonds or CDs as part of a retirement plan.
Investment firms do much of the same, starting off clients within a specific
investment product that they need and then later identifying additional needs
that their company can meet on behalf of the client.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Up-Selling<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Up-selling differs somewhat from cross-selling in that the
salesperson is not so much concerned with selling an additional product to
generate additional commissions, but rather with selling a higher-end version
of the product the customer originally came to buy. The automobile salesman
often engages in up-selling by showing the customer multiple versions of the
same product. Each version may differ in quality, starting with a base model
and progressing through more luxurious models with additional features.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Approaches<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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One of the main differences between up-selling and
cross-selling is in the approach that the salesperson takes when engaging in
either method. When cross-selling, the salesperson identifies a definite need
that the customer has and fulfills that need by recommending an additional
product. Up-selling is somewhat less need-based in its orientation and typically
involves the salesperson building value in the product being offered. In other
words, a car customer may not need the top-of-the-line SUV with leather seating
and a full entertainment center, but the up-selling salesperson can help that
customer see the value in having it by painting a picture of how much more
comfortable the family vacation will be with these additional features.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Similarities<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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In many ways, cross-selling and up-selling are similar in
that they each offer customers additional value than what they would have
otherwise received had they only bought what they were initially looking for.
Some salespeople make the mistake of cataloging features of these additional
products, rather than building value, or showing customers how they will
benefit from these additional or higher-quality products. A successful
cross-selling and up-selling salesperson will be able to paint a picture of the
value that the customer will receive so that the customer will be able to
visualize the benefits of making the purchase. Up-selling benefits the customer
by providing higher quality, while cross-selling adds benefit by providing
additional quality.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Source:</div>
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>CREATING LOYAL
CUSTOMERS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>by: </b>www.helpscout.net</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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1. Let customers know what you are doing for them. This can
be in the form of a newsletter mailed to existing customers, or it can be more
informal, such as a phone call. Whatever method you use, the key is to
dramatically point out to customers what excellent service you are giving them.
If you never mention all the things you’re doing for them, customers may not
notice. You are not being cocky when you talk to customers about all the work
you have done to please them. Just make a phone call and let them know they
don’t have to worry because you handled the paperwork, called the attorney or
double-checked the shipment -- one less thing they have to do.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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2. Write long-time customers personal, handwritten notes
frequently. "I was just sitting at my desk, and your name popped into my
head. Are you still having a great time flying all over the country? Let me
know if you need another set of luggage. I can stop by with our latest models
anytime." Or, if you run into an old customer at an event, follow up with
a note: "It was great seeing you at the CDC Christmas party. I will call
you early in the new year to schedule a lunch."<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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3. Keep it personal. Voice mail and email make it easy to
communicate, but the personal touch is lost. Don't count these as a legitimate
follow-up. If you're having trouble getting through, leave a voice-mail message
that you want to talk to the person directly or will stop by his or her office
at a designated time.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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4. Remember special occasions. Send regular customers
birthday cards, anniversary cards, holiday cards -- you name it. Gifts are
excellent follow-up tools, too. You don't have to spend a fortune to show you
care. Use your creativity to come up with interesting gift ideas that tie into
your business, the customer's business or his or her recent purchase.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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5. Pass on information. If you read an article, see a new
book, or hear about an organization that a customer might be interested in,
drop a note or make a quick call to let them know.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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6. Consider follow-up calls business development calls. When
you talk to or visit established clients or customers, you'll often find they
have referrals to give you, which can lead to new business.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>ONE-DEFINING RULE TO
CREATING LOYAL CUSTOMERS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Revealed: The Social Construct that Holds Society Together<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The #1 thing that creates loyalty in anybody (that includes
your customers) is the social construct of <b>Reciprocity</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reciprocity is a social norm that's been evaluated and
debated since the days of Aristotle, and it has been said by many scholars to
be one of the single defining aspects of social interaction that keeps society
whole.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why is it so important?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Additionally, how can it help us create loyal customers? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why Reciprocation is ingrained in Our Brains<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Behavioral psychologists and historians have uncovered a lot
of evidence that the process of giving and taking "fairly" seems to
be a part of a massive majority of normally functioning people.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Prof. Robert Cialdini's »now infamous Influence: The
Psychology of Persuasion, he notes that:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>The impressive aspect of reciprocation with its accompanying
sense of obligation is its pervasiveness in human culture.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is so widespread that, after intensive study, Alvin
Gouldner (1960), along with other sociologists, reported that all human
societies subscribe to the rule.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Within each society it seems pervasive also; it permeates
exchanges of every kind.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The point: <b>Reciprocity
is likely something that has evolved in the human brain in order to keep a
majority of transactions "fair".</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We often feel obligated to return favors, even if they are
unasked for.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the ultimate reason why great customer service has
such a fantastic ROI (return on investment).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Human beings are wired to follow the rule of reciprocity,
and now that you understand its importance, we can discuss how to use it to
create incredibly loyal customers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>How to Use
Reciprocity to Create Loyal Customers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first thing you need to know is that reciprocity comes
in 3 different forms:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. One-to-one<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. One-to-many
(or many-to-one)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. General
reciprocity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One-to-one form is highlighted because that's the one you
need to master: interaction with customers is typically a very isolated
experience, that is, you tend to deal with them individually, even if they have
similar issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Winning customers over starts with winning their thanks on
individual terms.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although technology allows you to scale the process, the
fact is this: people remember acts of kindness more readily when it feels
personal.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second thing you need to know is that reciprocity can be
handled in two different ways:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Through
subtle gestures (aka surprise reciprocity)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Through
obvious gestures (aka trumpeted reciprocity)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1. How to Utilize
Surprise Reciprocity<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Have you ever ordered an item that you really wanted online,
and as soon as you hit the buy button, you got that (positive) anxious feeling
of, "I can't wait until it gets here!"<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What if that item showed up on your doorstep the next day?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You'd be pretty overjoyed, right?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of course!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Zappos recognizes that feeling, and it's done everything it
can to give it to each and every Zappos customer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Did you know that while regular Zappos shipping states the
item will be delivered in "3-4 days", Zappos<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the upgraded shipping was mentioned on the sales page, it
would've become the norm; that feeling of placing your first order on Zappos
and having it surprisingly end up at your house the next day wouldn't exist:
people would just expect it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a company known for it's legendary customer service, it
shouldn't be any surprise that Zappos doesn't mind the incurred cost of this
extra perk.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The process of reciprocity begins here for most new Zappos
customers, and there's nothing quite like getting "WOWed" on your
very first order, after all, first impressions mean a lot.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The research points to this being a universal truth in
social interaction and reciprocity: small surprises that feel like they were
"just for you" can spawn some incredibly strong goodwill from the
receiver.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I discussed this very process of the "secrets of
personalization" when I addressed the psychological study that examined
how waiters were able to increase their tips by 23%... simply by coming back a
second time with more mints!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Talk about some incredible customer service ROI!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Key takeaway: Sometimes the best way to approach reciprocity
and to build goodwill with your customers is to surprise them; chest-thumping
about every single good aspect of your business makes people blind to the
benefits you may truly offer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2. How to Use
Trumpeted Reciprocity<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Surprises are great, but sometimes it does pay to let
customers know just how far you will go to make them happy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I could go on and on about what this process looks like, or
I can just give you what I believe is a fantastic example of going "above
and beyond" for the sheer purpose of telling an amazing customer service
story.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If you've never heard of this tale before, allow me to be
the first to introduce you to the adventures of Joshie the Giraffe (story
previously featured on the Huffington post). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Click the Link for the story of Joshie the Giraffe:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-hurn/stuffed-giraffe-shows-wha_b_1524038.html<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What does the tale of Joshie teach us about
"trumpeted" reciprocity?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here's the thing: the Ritz staff didn't help Mr. Hurns out
in the hopes of getting some free press, the main goal was to provide the level
of service that they are known for (and what allows Ritz Carlton Hotels to
charge such high prices).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite that, the Ritz staff didn't hold back on their
support.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nothing about this tale is "subtle", while Mr.
Hurns may have been surprised at the results, this isn't the same as adding
"surprise" to an order like Zappos does with it's shipping.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
What actually happened was that the Ritz was able to
"show off" their amazing customer support by story telling.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Click the Link below to know the Importance of Story Telling in Creating Loyal Customer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://www.sparringmind.com/story-psychology/</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-77164031113344161252017-07-30T09:58:00.001-07:002017-07-30T09:58:50.405-07:00Resolving Customer Complaint - Front Office Management & Customer Service (4th Friday)<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Key Factors to
resolving Complaints<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1. Look past the fury
for friction<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It’s a fallacy to assume that just because someone is
behaving wildly, his or her argument has no merit. Complaints, even angry ones,
can contain insight—it’s your job to seek out the friction.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Evernote CEO Phil Libin offers up one of my favorite truisms
on listening to feedback: “Feedback is great for telling you what you did
wrong. It's terrible at telling you what you should do next.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Socratic questioning, whether to the customer or to
yourself, can help get to the source of the issue. Okay, the customer’s
angry—is this because we weren’t clear with our copy? Is our user experience
setting the customer up for failure? Did we drop the ball with our
communication?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It is tempting to dismiss complainers as cranky or overly
sensitive, but do that too often and you’ll ending up dismissing genuine
feedback.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2. Record and
organize meaningful complaints<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Free customers always ask for more free stuff. Feature
requests often turn into product demands. While helping customers is always
right, haphazardly following their demands is always wrong.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Multiple messages from multiple customers with recurring
concerns is the beginning of a narrative. The volume of a certain complaint
only raises the red flag, though; you’ll have to carefully decide what to do
next.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
You’ll need a simple way to organize this sort of feedback,
and here’s an overview of some options.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The key is to make it easy, and make it browse-able. “Hard
to do” leads to never being done. Give your team a meaningful way to make note
of meaningful complaints, and you can rest easy, because you will hear about
them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3. Identify who you
are talking to<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This study on customer complaints presents a strong case for
evaluating messages through a selection of common archetypes. Here are a few
notable personas that will make their way into your inbox:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Meek Customer.</b>
Generally averse to talking to you. He doesn’t want to be a burden, or he
doesn’t think you’ll care—either way, it’s your responsibility to inquire
deeper to get to the heart of exactly what is wrong.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Aggressive
Customer.</b> Outspoken and not shy about letting you know what’s on her mind.
Avoid mirroring this confrontational behavior, and instead react with firm
politeness that is pleasant but not submissive—your team needs to be treated
with respect, too.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The High Roller.</b>
Perhaps your “enterprise” customer, who likely pays well and demands premium
support for it. While no customer is fond of excuses, this customer disdains
hearing them. Setting up a VIP Folder with Workflows is a simple way to cater
to the high roller’s needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Chronic
Complainer.</b> This customer will contact you a lot, but that doesn’t mean
that his issues should be dismissed. Patience is required here, but once
satisfied, this customer will have no qualms about singing your praises to
others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Barnacle.</b>
Although the research identifies this as the “rip-off” customer, the barnacle
label to be more accurate. This person is never happy. She is not looking for a
satisfactory response; she is trying to get something she doesn’t deserve.
Nothing is good enough unless she’s getting a handout. Maintain composure and
respond as objectively as possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These are generally the ends of the spectrum. Most people
are reasonable, and most conversations are uneventful. Should you come across
one of the above, however, put those tried-and-true support skills to work.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>4. Don’t be
passive-aggressive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We’re sorry that you are having this problem” is an
infuriating phrase for a customer to hear. It is nothing more than the
deferment of blame.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Far too many use this sort of language by accident. The
attempt to apologize comes off as dismissive, all thanks to a misuse of tone.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just say you’re sorry. Even when the customer is being
unreasonable, apologize outright and ask how you might help resolve the issue.
If you come across a lost cause, keep it friendly, keep it professional, and
keep it moving.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>5. Transfer quickly,
but explain why<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Please hold while I transfer you. Your call is very
important to us.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Terrible. While this problem isn’t nearly as bad over email,
introductions or handing someone off should be handled with care. Never miss an
opportunity to briefly explain to a customer why this movement will be to their
benefit. It’s nearly impossible to get anyone excited about being transferred,
but consider the two choices you have:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. I’ll have
to transfer you for that. *click*<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. I’m going
to set you up with our specialist who will get that squared away for you right away. “That’ll work!”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Without this brief but relevant insertion, customers won’t
know that you are actually doing the best thing, and second only to doing the
best thing is letting people know you are.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>6. Use supportive
questioning<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a fine line between following up and inadvertently
swaying a customer to dwell upon his bad mood.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s look at these two responses:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• “Is there
anything else wrong?”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• “How else
can I help you today?”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Asking a customer a leading, negative question such as #1 is
asking for a negative outcome. Conversely, inquiring how you may be able to
further assist shows that you are ready and willing to address anything else
the customer needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>7. Time is of the
essence<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Inbox zero often causes us to envisage an assembly line
environment of productivity. The truth is that catching up to the queue grants
you time for the most meaningful conversations. A quick reply will never go out
of style.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the case of an unhappy customer, a speedy response goes
from nice to necessary—complaints are a different beast that benefit from being
resolved as soon as possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A customer leaving a feature request won’t sweat the fact
that it took you a day to respond. Customers who are in a “pulling my hair out”
situation want a resolution yesterday. Make responding to them a priority.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It can be useful to set up a Folder separate from the main
support queue where you can filter less-than-ecstatic messages. Here, the team
can see immediately which emails are from customers who need help right away.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Get the answer right the first time, but know that if there
is ever a situation where speed takes a priority, it’s in turning the
metaphorical frown upside-down.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>8. Verify the
resolution<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Have you ever submitted something through an online form,
and after you hit submit there wasn’t a single confirmation on whether or not
anything had happened?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s incredibly frustrating. You don’t have a clue where
your issue—and any hope of resolving it—stands.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The same principle applies when communicating with
customers. You want to be absolutely sure that the customer is clear on the
resolution that occurred and that it met his or her needs. If you’re not ending
your responses with an inviting question, you may be creating unnecessary
trouble.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Let me know if there's anything else I can do for
you—I'm happy to help!"<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That’s a good place to start. Even a simple, "Are you
all set?" will do.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>9. Treat customers
with genuine respect<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Customers want to be treated with respect. The day you stop
talking to them like regular people is the day you lose touch and relevance.
After that, you start losing customers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So don’t talk to them like a corporate stiff—this is a
conversation, not “correspondence.” However, also avoid the flipside, which is
pandering through pleasantry. It’s disingenuous to act like you can force your
good mood down an unhappy customer’s throat. Worse yet, it’s downright creepy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Please — spare me your insincerity.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Providing great support means finding a demeanor comfortable
to the people you are serving, no matter the situation. Justin, our support
lead, describes it as such:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• We do not
offer up platitudes. We are not obnoxiously bubbly, cheery, or “zestful.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• We don’t
wage a campaign of aggressive happiness. We do not offer foot massages or roll out the red carpet for people who treat our team members poorly (it’s a two-way
street).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Help
Scout is fond of the Ritz-Carlton principle, to be “Ladies and gentlemen
serving ladies and gentlemen.” We hold doors, offer a strong handshake, and
will pass on the last piece of pie—unless it’s pumpkin.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We care about the customer experience, top to bottom, but
that doesn't mean we behave like a caricature. It means being consistently
helpful and unquestionably genuine.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>10. Don’t drag out a
lost cause<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If a customer wants to cancel his account, do it right away.
Nothing makes for a bitter departure quite like running your customers through
the gauntlet as they try to leave.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Winning customers back with exceptional service is
fundamental, but when people already have one foot out the door, you’re better
off letting the parting be as frictionless as possible. Learn what you can, see
if there is a way to resolve the issue, and accept the outcome if there isn’t.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Customers aren’t necessarily gone for good just because they
cancel their accounts once. Hassling upon exit, however, will assure they never
return.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>11. CARP Diem to
resolve complaints<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A really useful method for consistently handling upset
customers can be found in Robert Bacal’s book, If It Wasn’t for the Customers
I’d Really Like this Job. Bacal’s practices are known as the CARP method, which
consists of:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Control<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Acknowledge<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Refocus<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Problem
solve<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, take control of the situation with language
that shows you are ready to handle concerns and don’t intend to play games.
Acknowledge that you completely understand your customer’s concerns and won’t
be brushing them off.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next, refocus away from the customer’s emotions to the
solution at hand, outlining how you’ll take care of it. Finally, solve the
problem, confirming that everything has been resolved to the customer’s
satisfaction.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Take your customer complaints seriously<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You deserve no more respect than you are willing to give
others…except in customer support, you’re the professional. You do have to
learn to be the rock for your team. In turn, your team needs to look out for you.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sometimes support needs support, and sometimes you just need
to remember that not every customer can be made happy. Stay positive; the next
pleasant conversations is just around the corner.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Source:</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
//www.helpscout.net/<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-69479929430846252542017-07-21T11:22:00.002-07:002017-07-21T11:22:27.617-07:00English Language Proficiency - Pronunciation<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">What
is Pronunciation?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8F8F8; line-height: normal;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pronunciation</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (noun):
the way in which we pronounce a word<br />
<b><i>pronounce</i></b> (verb): to make the sound of a word<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Pronunciation" refers to the way in which we make
the <b>sound</b> of words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To pronounce words, we push air from our lungs up through our
throat and vocal chords, through our mouth, past our tongue and out between our
teeth and lips. (Sometimes air also travels through our nose.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To change the sound that we are making, we mainly use the
muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips to control the shape of our mouth and the
flow of air. If we can control the shape of our mouth and the flow of air
correctly, then our pronunciation is clearer and other people understand us
more easily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speakers of different languages tend to develop different
muscles of the mouth for pronunciation. When we speak a foreign language, our
muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find
pronunciation more difficult. By practising the foreign language pronunciation,
our muscles develop and pronunciation improves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As well as creating correct <b>vowel</b> and <b>consonant</b> sounds
using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important
aspects of pronunciation, including:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">word stress</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - emphasis
on certain syllables in a word<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sentence stress</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - emphasis
on certain words in a sentence<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">linking</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - joining
certain words together<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">intonation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - the rise
and fall of our voice as we speak<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Word
Stress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Word stress is your <b>magic key</b> to understanding
spoken English. Native speakers of English use word stress naturally. Word
stress is so natural for them that they don't even know they use it. Non-native
speakers who speak English to native speakers without using word stress,
encounter two problems:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They find it
difficult to understand native speakers, especially those speaking fast.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The native
speakers may find it difficult to understand them.</span> </li>
</ol>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Understanding Syllables<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8F8F8;">
<dfn><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">syllable</span></b></dfn><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> (noun): a unit of pronunciation
that has one vowel sound, and may or may not be surrounded by consonants. A
syllable can form a whole word or part of a word. For example, there is one
syllable in <em>cat</em>,
two syllables in <em>monkey</em> and
three syllables in <em>elephant</em>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">To understand
word stress, it helps to understand <strong>syllables</strong>.<br />
Every word is made from syllables.<br />
Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">word</span></strong><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">number of syllables</span></strong><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">dog</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">dog</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">green</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">green</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">quite</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">quite</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">quiet</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">qui-et</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">orange</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">or-ange</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">table</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">ta-ble</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">expensive</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">ex-pen-sive</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">3</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">interesting</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">in-ter-est-ing</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">unrealistic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">un-rea-lis-tic</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">4</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">unexceptional</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">un-ex-cep-tio-nal</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">5</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Notice that
(with a few rare exceptions) every syllable contains at least one <strong>vowel</strong> (a, e, i,
o or u) or <strong>vowel
sound</strong>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">What is Word Stress?<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In English,
we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we
accentuate ONE syllable. We say <strong>one</strong> syllable
very <strong>loudly</strong> (big,
strong, important) and <strong>all
the other syllables</strong> very <strong>quietly</strong>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Let's take 3
words: <strong>photograph</strong>, <strong>photographer</strong> and <strong>photographic</strong>. Do
they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE
syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the <strong>"shape"</strong> of
each word is different.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Listen to
these words. Do you hear the stressed syllable in each word?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer,
JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera,
etCETera, etCETera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The syllables that are not stressed are <b>weak</b> or <b>small</b> or <b>quiet</b>.
Fluent speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak
syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and
automatically improve your pronunciation <b>and your comprehension</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen
to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR
and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are two very important rules about word stress:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One word, one
stress.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (One
word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard
two words, not one word.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The stress is
always on a vowel.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Why is Word Stress Important?<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Word stress
is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example,
pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Other
languages, English for example, use word stress and pro-NOUNCE DIF-fer-ent
SYL-la-bles with more or less im-POR-tance.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Word stress
is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want.
It is <strong>part of the
language</strong>! Fluent English speakers use word stress to
communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for
example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word
because of the <em>position</em> of
the stress.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Think again
about the two words <em><b>photograph</b></em> and <em><b>photographer</b></em>. Now
imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line.
You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one
of these words, <em><b>photo...</b></em> Which
word is it, <em>photograph</em> or <em>photographer</em>?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Of course,
with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality
you will hear either...</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PHO</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-TO</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>PHO-</b></span><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TO</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the
word is...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PHO</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-TO</span></b><b><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...GRAPH</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>PHO-</b></span><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TO</span></b><b><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...GRAPH-ER</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Where do I Put Word Stress?<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">There are
some </span><a href="https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm"><span style="color: #993300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">word stress rules</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> about which
syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best
way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to
develop a feeling for the "music" of the language.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When you
learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a
vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not
know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling
of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an
apostrophe (<strong>'</strong>)
just <strong>before</strong> or
just <strong>after</strong> the
stressed syllable. (The notes in the dictionary will explain the system used.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Look at (and
listen to) this example for the word <em><b>plastic</b></em>.
There are two syllables and the first syllable is stressed.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
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<span class="ec-big2"><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PLAS</span></b></span><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-TIC</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">phonetic spelling for <em>plastic</em></span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">dictionary A</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">dictionary B</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">/plæs</span></strong><span class="clr-green"><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">'</span></b></span><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> tIk/</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">/</span></strong><span class="clr-green"><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">'</span></b></span><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">plæs tIk/</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Notice that
dictionary A uses a different system to dictionary B to show which syllable is
stressed. Of course, it's the same word (<em>plastic</em>),
and the stress is the same (the first syllable). But dictionary A puts an
apostrophe <strong>after</strong> the
stressed syllable, and dictionary B puts an apostrophe <strong>before</strong> the
stressed syllable. You need to check your dictionary's notes to know which
system it uses.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Word
Stress Rules<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are two very simple rules about word stress:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One word has
only one stress.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (One
word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two
words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a
"secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much
smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We can only
stress vowels, not consonants.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you
understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because
there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of
the language and to add the stress naturally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Stress on first syllable</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">example<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most <b>2-syllable
nouns</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRESent, EXport, CHIna,
TAble<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most <b>2-syllable
adjectives</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRESent, SLENder,
CLEVer, HAPpy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Stress on last syllable</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">example<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most <b>2-syllable
verbs</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">preSENT, exPORT,
deCIDE, beGIN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are many
two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in
stress. The word <b>present</b>, for example is a two-syllable word. If we
stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of
absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer).
More examples: the words <b>export</b>, <b>import</b>, <b>contract</b> and <b>object</b>can
all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second
syllable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Stress on penultimate syllable</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (penultimate
= second from end)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">example<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Words ending in <b>-ic</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Words ending in <b>-sion</b> and <b>-tion</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">teleVIsion, reveLAtion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For a few words, native
English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For
example, some people say <b>teleVIsion</b> and others say <b>TELevision</b>.
Another example is: <b>CONtroversy</b> and <b>conTROversy</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (ante-penultimate
= third from end)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">example<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Words ending in <b>-cy</b>, <b>-ty</b>, <b>-phy</b>and <b>-gy</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">deMOcracy,
dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Words ending in <b>-al</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CRItical, geoLOGical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E. Compound words</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (words with two
parts)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">example<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For compound <b>nouns</b>,
the stress is on the <b>first</b>part<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BLACKbird, GREENhouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For compound <b>adjectives</b>,
the stress is on the <b>second</b> part<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bad-TEMpered,
old-FASHioned<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For compound <b>verbs</b>,
the stress is on the <b>second </b>part<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">underSTAND, overFLOW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sentence
Stress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like </span><a href="https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress.htm"><span style="color: #993300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">word
stress</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English,
even rapid spoken English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sentence stress is what gives English its <b>rhythm</b> or
"beat". You remember that word stress is accent on <b>one
syllable</b> within a <b>word</b>. Sentence stress is accent on <b>certain
words</b> within a <b>sentence</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most sentences have two basic types of word:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">content words</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important
words that carry the meaning or sense—the real content.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">structure words</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words
that make the sentence correct grammatically. They give the sentence its
correct form—its structure.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will
probably still understand the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you remove the content words from a sentence, you will <b>not</b> understand
the sentence. The sentence has no sense or meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imagine that you receive this telegram message:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_32"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: sentence stress - keywords"
style='width:412.5pt;height:26.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"
o:title="sentence stress - keywords"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically
correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words
communicate very well. <i>Somebody wants you to <b>sell</b> their <b>car</b> for
them because they have <b>gone</b> to <b>France</b>.</i> We
can add a few words:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_31"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: sentence stress - keywords and function words"
style='width:412.5pt;height:25.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="sentence stress - keywords and function words"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The new words do not really add any more information. But they
make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make
one complete, grammatically correct sentence. <b>But the information is
basically the same</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_30"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: https://www.englishclub.com/images/pronunciation/stress3.png"
style='width:412.5pt;height:76.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png"
o:title="stress3"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In our sentence, the 4 <b>key words</b> (sell, car,
gone, France) are accentuated or <b>stressed</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why is this important for pronunciation? It is important because
it adds "music" to the language. It is the <b>rhythm</b> of
the English language. It changes the speed at which we speak (and listen to)
the language. <b>The time between each stressed word is the same.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In our sentence, there is <b>1 syllable</b> between
SELL and CAR and <b>3 syllables</b>between CAR and GONE. But the <b>time</b> (<i>t</i>)
between SELL and CAR and between CAR and GONE is the same. We maintain a
constant beat on the stressed words. To do this, we say "my"
more <b>slowly</b>, and "because I've" more <b>quickly</b>.
We change the speed of the small structure words so that the rhythm of the key
content words stays the same.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_29"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: sentence stress - rhythm"
style='width:412.5pt;height:135.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="sentence stress - rhythm"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I am a proFESsional phoTOgrapher whose MAIN INterest is to TAKE
SPEcial, BLACK and WHITE PHOtographs that exHIBit ABstract MEANings in their
photoGRAPHic STRUCture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Sentence Stress Rules<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">The basic
rules of </span><a href="https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/sentence-stress.htm"><span style="color: #993300; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">sentence stress</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">content words</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> are <strong>stressed</strong><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">structure words</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> are <strong>unstressed</strong><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">the <strong>time between stressed words</strong> is
always the <strong>same</strong><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">The following
tables can help you decide which words are <strong>content words</strong> and which words
are <strong>structure
words</strong>:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Content words - stressed<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">words carrying the meaning</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">example</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">main verbs</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">nouns</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">CAR, MUSIC, MARY</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">adjectives</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">RED, BIG, INTERESTING</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">adverbs</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">negative</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> auxiliaries</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Structure words - unstressed<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">words for correct grammar</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">example</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">pronouns</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">he, we, they</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">prepositions</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">on, at, into</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">articles</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">a, an, the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">conjunctions</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">and, but, because</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">auxiliary verbs</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">do, be, have, can, must</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background: #F7F3FC;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exceptions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: #F7F3FC;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">The rules above are for for what is called "neutral"
or normal stress. But sometimes we can stress a word that would normally be
only a structure word, for example to correct information. Look at the
following dialogue:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F7F3FC;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">"They've been to Mongolia, haven't they?"<br />
"No, <strong>THEY</strong> haven't,
but <strong>WE</strong> have."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F7F3FC;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Note also that when "be" is used as a main verb, it is
usually unstressed—even though as a main verb it is also a content word.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Linking<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we say a sentence in English, we join or "link"
words to each other. Because of this linking, the words in a sentence do not
always sound the same as when we say them individually. Linking is very
important in English. If you recognize and use linking, two things will happen:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you will
understand other people more easily<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">other people
will understand you more easily<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are basically two main types of linking:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consonant </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">⇔</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vowel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
We link words <i>ending with a consonant sound</i> to
words <i>beginning with a vowel sound</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vowel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">⇔</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vowel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
We link words <i>ending with a vowel sound</i> to words <i>beginning
with a vowel sound</i></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
</ul>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Vowels and Consonants for Linking<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">To understand
linking, it is important to know the difference between vowel sounds and
consonant sounds. Here is a table of English vowels and consonants:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The table shows the <b>letters</b> that are vowels and
consonants. But the important thing in linking is the <b>sound</b>, not
the letter. Often the letter and the sound are the same, but not always.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example, the word <i>pay</i> ends with:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the consonant <b>letter</b> <i>y</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the vowel <b>sound</b> <i>a</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here are some more examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">though</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">know</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ends with the letter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ends with the sound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">uniform</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">honest</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">begins with the letter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">begins with the sound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">y<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Linking
Consonant to Vowel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the
consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel
sound.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example, in the phrase <i>turn off</i>...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">we write it like this:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">turn off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">we say it like this:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tur-noff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Remember that it's the <b>sound</b> that matters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the next example sentence, <i>have</i> ends with...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the letter <i>e</i> (which
is a vowel)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">but the <b>sound</b> <i>v</i> (which
is a consonant)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So we link the ending consonant sound of <i>have</i> to
the beginning vowel sound of the next word <i>a</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And in fact we have four consonant to vowel links in this
sentence:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
write it like this:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can
I have a bit of egg?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
say it like this:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ca-<b><u><span style="color: #006600;">ni</span></u></b>-ha-<b><u><span style="color: #006600;">va</span></u></b>-bi-<b><u><span style="color: #006600;">to</span></u></b>-<b><u><span style="color: #006600;">ve</span></u></b>gg?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Linking Vowel to Vowel<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When one word
ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, we link
the words with a sort of </span><strong><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">Y</span></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> or </span><strong><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">W</span></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> sound. It
depends on the shape of our mouth <strong>at
the end of the first word</strong>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lips wide<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">o o</span></strong><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
<strong>|</strong><br />
</span></b><span class="clr-red"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">—</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When
the <strong>first word
ends</strong> in an </span><em><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">a, e, i</span></em><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> vowel sound [ e</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ɪ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> / i: / a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ɪ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ], our lips are wide.
Then we insert a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><strong><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">Y</span></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> sound at the
beginning of the next word:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">we write</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">first<br />
word<br />
ends<br />
with</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">we say</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pay all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/e</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ɪ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pay</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the end<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/i:/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">end<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lie on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ɪ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lie</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">write</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They all buy at the arcade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">say</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">they</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">all buy</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">at the</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">y</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">arcade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Here are some
more examples of word pairs that are linked with Y.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">lay out, may I, say it</span></em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">he ate, she is, we are</span></em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">high up, my arm, why ever</span></em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lips round<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">o o</span></strong><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
<strong>|</strong><br />
</span></b><span class="clr-red"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">o</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When
the <strong>first word
ends</strong> in an </span><em><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">o, u</span></em><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> vowel sound [ ə</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ʊ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> / u: ], our lips are
round. Then we insert a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><strong><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">W</span></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> sound at the
beginning of the next word:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">we write</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">first<br />
word<br />
ends<br />
with</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">we say</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">go out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/ə</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ʊ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">go</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">w</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">too often<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/u:/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">too</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">w</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">often<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">write</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">You all go out too often.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F9F9F9; border-top: none; border: solid gray 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="bottom">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">say</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid gray 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid gray 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">you</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">w</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">all go</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">w</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">out too</span><strong><i><sub><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">w</span></sub></i></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">often<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Here are some
more examples of word pairs that are linked with W.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">no other, show off, grow up</span></em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">you are, too often, throw it</span></em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Homophones<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In your own
language you know many words that sound the same but do not mean the same. They
are <em>homophones</em> (=
"same sound"). In English, too, there are many homophones, and it's
important to try to learn and understand them. We use homophones all the time,
even in everyday speech. They are also a common source of humour in jokes, and
frequently occur in riddles.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">What
are Homophones?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8F8F8; line-height: normal;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">homophone</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (noun):
one of two or more words with the same pronunciation but different spellings
and/or meanings (for example <i>weak</i>and <i>week</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Homophones are words that have exactly the <b>same sound</b> (pronunciation)
but different meanings and (usually) spelling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example, the following two words have the same sound, but
different meanings and spelling:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hour</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (noun: 60 minutes)<br />
</span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">our</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (possessive adjective: belonging to us)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the next example, the two words have the same sound and
spelling, but different meanings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (noun: large, heavy animal with thick
fur)<br />
</span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (verb: tolerate, endure)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usually homophones are in groups of two (<i>our, hour</i>), but
occasionally they can be in groups of three (<i>to, too, two</i>) or even more.
If we take our <i>bear</i> example, we can add another word to the
group:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (noun: large, heavy animal with thick
fur)<br />
</span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (verb: tolerate, endure)<br />
</span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bare</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (adjective: naked, without clothes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now let's hear a sentence where we have all five words with
their different meanings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><b><i><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cannot </span></i><b><i><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bear</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to
be </span></i><b><i><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bare</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at any </span></i><b><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hour</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The word <b><i>homophone</i></b> is made from two
combining forms:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; color: #333333; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">homo-</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (from the
Greek word <i>homos</i>, meaning "same")<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFFFCC; color: #333333; line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-phone</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (from the Greek
word <i>phone</i>, meaning "sound" or "voice")<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-55489578987573649092017-07-21T11:06:00.003-07:002017-07-21T11:06:52.462-07:00Conversation - Fluency<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">CRIME<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If you found out that a member of your family had committed a
crime, what would you do?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If you were sent back in time to assassinate somebody, who
would it be?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If a child is not found quickly, how long should the
authorities continue to look for him/her?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Who is more to blame, the person who offers a bribe or the
person who accepts it?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What causes terrorism?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What difficulties do you think people held captive might face
when they are released?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What can be done to protect non-military targets from violent
attacks?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">ENVIRONMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Why do you think so many people, especially children, enjoy
the snow?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What do you think we can learn from space exploration?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you think we should build more nuclear power stations to
generate more electricity? Why/not?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you know anyone who is a windbag?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How different would life be if we all spoke the same language?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">FESTIVALS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How restful are your holidays?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you enjoy going to parties? Are you a party animal or a
party pooper?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What is the silliest present you have ever received or been
given?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you believe in ghosts and witches? Why/not?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you think it can ever be acceptable to take drugs or
medicines during a sports competition such as the Olympics?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When you think of Christmas, who do you think of first -
Father Christmas or Jesus Christ? Why?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">LEARNING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Which books have had the biggest impact on you?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How do you motivate people to do things for you?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Why do students often find it easy to remember taboo words in
English?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Can memory loss ever be a good thing?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What difficulties might people have if punctuation were
abolished?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you think exams which are taken in one country should be
valid all over the world (e.g. English exams, driving tests, etc?)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">LIFESTYLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What can we learn about ourselves when we take risks in life?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you like change or do you prefer things to stay the same?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you think life is more stressful now than in the past?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Why are magic stories so popular with children?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What was your favorite magic story as a child, and why?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What colours suit you?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Which is more important to you - success or happiness?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Have you got any pictures on your walls at home? If so, did
you choose them? Why/not?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Can you remember your dreams?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">PEOPLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Robin Hood's intentions were good. To what extent does this
justify his actions? Does the end ever justify the means?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In your country is marriage a civil or a religious
arrangement? Can married couples get divorced?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What names did/will you choose for your children? Why do you
like those names?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How would you define humour?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">To what extent are left-handed people placed at a
disadvantage in today's world?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Should people of the same-sex be permitted to get married?
Why/not?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What are the worst mistakes a parent can make?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Describe your happiest memories of childhood</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How difficult is it to maintain a friendship? Can a
friendship last a lifetime?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Would you like to be the child/brother/sister/parent or
someone very famous?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">POLITICS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Who do you think benefits most from globalisation?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Is it fair that some countries have nuclear weapons and some
countries are not permitted to?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">In what ways are identity cards a good idea?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Who should be responsible for finding new jobs for the
unemployed - the government or the individual?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Do you believe in euthanasia?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">To what extent do you think the film and music industries
glorify guns?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Can you think of anything you would be prepared to kill or
die for?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">SOCIETY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Does the healthcare system in your country focus more on
prevention or cure of illnesses?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How has the way we shop changed over the last 50 years?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Why is nudity often considered shocking?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If you could design a new uniform for the police, army,
schoolchildren (etc) what changes would you make?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Would you want to have your own clone? Why/not?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Whether you smoke or not, why do you think people take up
smoking?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What should be done in cases where a pet attacks someone?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">When does a cultural characteristic become a national
stereotype?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">TRAVEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">What changes do you think need to be made to air travel
security measures in order to reduce the terrorist threat?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">At what age should people stop driving for good?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">How important is it for young people to visit other countries?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-88814918332821462842017-07-21T08:59:00.000-07:002017-07-21T08:59:01.936-07:00Customer Service - Front Office Management (3rd Friday)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Customer Service<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The foundation of
creating a customer service culture is - understanding expectations, going the
extra mile, and being the customer advocate. Applying the behaviors of
helpfulness, genuine interest, and respect moves customers from hostile or
ambivalent towards supportive and enthusiastic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It sounds simple,
but successful organizations recognize that customer satisfaction stems from a
series of interconnected causes and disciplines, and that customer loyalty
drives profitability and growth. This complete experience is what can cause a
customer to become a champion for an organization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">An effective
customer services is taking 100% responsibility for yourself and the attitude you
convey. Each time you come into contact with a customer, your attitude is
showing. The challenge is to maintain a friendly, low pressure, and high
service environment for your customers and keep yourself productive and
service— oriented throughout your day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Key Factors to Efficient Customer Service<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Attitude for Service<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Complaint Resolution<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cross and Up Selling<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Create Loyal Customers<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Customer Follow Through<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Generate Customer Interest<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Internal Customer Service<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Manage Customer Expectations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Referrals<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Service to Sales<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Suggestion Selling<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Telephone Skills – Outbound<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Telephone Skills – Inbound<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
14. Effective First Impressions - face to face</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0px;"><b>Attitude Control Principles</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Attitude Attackers</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Factors externally imposed:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
1. Telephone interruptions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. Meetings<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
3. Social visiting<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
4. Other people’s deadlines<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
5. Unexpected delays<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
6. Mistakes of others<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
7. Paperwork and reports<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
8. Poor communication<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
9. Outside activities<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
10. Employees with problems<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
11. Responding to crises<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
12. Customer complaints<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
13. Too much routine work<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
14. Unexpected interruptions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Factors self-generated:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
1. Lack of good organization<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. Procrastination<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
3. Unrealistic time estimation to do a job<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
4. Trying to do too much<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
5. Lack of delegation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
6. Snap decisions that backfire<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
7. Failure to listen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
8. Lack of motivation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
9. Lack of planning<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
10. Making all decisions yourself<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
11. No system of self-accountability<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
12. Not maintaining daily list of projects<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
13. Confused responsibilities<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
14. Lack of creative effort<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>How to Stop Worrying and Start Living</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
by
Dale Carnegie<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
1. <b>Live in "day-tight" compartments</b>. The professional with a
commitment to service seals off each interaction with a customer. Don’t allow
past successes or failures or future anticipated success or difficulties
influence current performance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. <b>Don't fuss about trifles</b>.
A “trifle” is something that is insignificant in comparison to other things in
our lives. When we are focused on trifles, we lose perspective. Keep the big
picture in mind and that will help sort out the trifles.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
3. <b>Cooperate with the
inevitable.</b> When the situation we are concerned with is inevitable and in
fact, will take place, utilizing this principle gives us some control over the
emotional aspects. By cooperating with the outcome, we are making a conscious
choice.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
4. <b>Decide just how much anxiety
a thing may be worth and refuse to give it more.</b> This decision is ours to
make and often it clears our mind. This helps us find ways that we can improve
on the situation, or let it go and move on.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
5. <b>Create happiness for others.</b>
This principle appeals to our nobler motives. It is difficult to sustain a
negative attitude when we are doing something good or helpful for someone else.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
6. <b>Expect ingratitude.</b> In
our jobs, we provide many diverse services and help others. When we do so, the
natural thing to expect in return is some signal of gratitude for our
assistance. This expectation is often not met. If we do receive heartfelt
thanks from someone, we should count ourselves lucky we are dealing with
someone who is a grateful person, We shouldn’t let ingratitude deter us.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
7. <b>Put enthusiasm into your
work.</b> Enthusiasm is the positive energy and sustained effort that keeps us
driving toward our goals. Making a decision to have a positive outlook can be
critical in enjoying our jobs and working with our internal and external
customers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
8. <b>Do the very best you can.</b>
It can be difficult to deal with criticism, especially if we feel it is
undeserved or hurts our self-esteem. One way to put criticism in perspective is
to ask ourselves if we are doing the very best we can with what we know and are
able to do. If the answer is an honest “yes,” that helps to not take the
criticism personally. If there is room for improvement, we are taking
responsibility for our performance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversational Language - Positive Phrases</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Good things DO come in small packages</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">These little words
should win medals, as adding any one of them into your conversation has the
potential to transform average customer service into great customer service.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Positive Words<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definitely<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Absolutely<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Certainly<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fantastic<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Example Use<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•
I <i>definitely</i> will make sure that it gets sorted…<br />
• I <i>absolutely</i> agree…<br />
• I can <i>certainly</i> help you…<br />
• That is a <i>fantastic</i> alternative…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some extras to use;
Especially, Exactly, Marvelous, Delightful, Reassure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Everyday phrases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a customer service
representative, it is your job to make the customer feel at ease from the
minute you say “hello”. Good use of these phrases will help to reassure your
customer that you are the life-saving, sympathetic ear that they hoped for.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. “Rest assured Mr……”</span></i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>6. “I do understand the inconvenience you have faced……”</i><br />
<i>7. “I will be more than glad/ happy to assist you….”</i><br />
<i>8. “I will ensure that…”</i><br />
<i>9. “What I will do for you right away is……”</i><br />
<i>10. “I assure you I will try my best…..”</i><br />
<i>11. “I’m sorry for the inconvenience that you have faced, what I can do for
you is ….”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 16.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empathy statements</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When using the phone,
empathy statements allow you to establish a connection with the person
that you are communicating with. These statements create trust and mutual
understanding, which can bring great benefits to customer service interactions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. “I would feel the
same in your situation, but we will sort this out….”</span></i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>13. “I know how frustrating it can be – let’s see how I can help you….”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handling upset customers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handling calls from
angry customers can be difficult, because if you get it wrong, you will lose
the customer’s loyalty. So, it is important that customer service agents know
how to show empathy, which can be done by incorporating the phrases below into
the customer interaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. <i>“We always
value customers who are keen to give us their feedback. I will be sure to pass
on what you have told me to our managerial team…”<br />
15. “I have experienced a similar problem recently, so I understand what you
are saying. Let me see what I can do to help you out….”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Advise… don’t patronize<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It can be difficult to
tell a customer what they need to do without coming across as patronizing,
especially when dealing with technical complaints. Yet, incorporating these
phrases into your vocabulary can help you to overcome this and create a more
positive customer experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. “I would suggest /
I recommend…..”</span></i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>17. “To avoid a similar inconvenience in future I request you to….”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From A to B with a smile<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: mouth-speaking-185"
style='width:138.75pt;height:98.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="mouth-speaking-185"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When giving out
over-the-phone instructions, it is your job to make the process as easy as
possible. Try weaving the following phrases into your conversation to help your
customer get from A to B with a smile on their face.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18. “All you need to
do is to just….”</span></i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>19. “A simple way / method to change it will be to…..”</i><br />
<i>20. “As soon as you receive…”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smooth Selling<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whilst dealing with a
customer complaint, it may also be part of your job to sell up other areas of
the business. Here are some useful phrases to help you seal the deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21. “We have a variety
of …..’</span></i><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>22. “It’s a wonderful service where instead of _______, you can ____________
…..’</i><br />
<i>23. “This is the best plan/scheme for your requirements…..’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Positive Scripting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Positive scripting is
the process of designing a script to ensure that you do not frustrate or anger
your customers. So, all of the above words and phrases would work <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: cartoon-with-script-bulb-coffee-185"
style='width:138.75pt;height:91.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg"
o:title="cartoon-with-script-bulb-coffee-185"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->well
in this format.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, you should
make sure that your customers know what not to say and give them positive
alternatives in the script, just like in the two examples below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instead of, “I don’t
know/I’m not sure”<i>, </i>say<i>… 24. “Let me find out for you….”</i><br />
Instead of, “If you check our website…”<i>, </i>say<i>… 25. “I can email
you a link to the webpage, so…”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suggestions sent in by our readers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feel Felt Found</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The old ‘Feel Felt
Found’ approach – it’s an old one, but a great one. It works well in sales
scripts, but can be used in a variety of ways…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr/s customer, I know how you
FEEL….<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many of our happiest customers
FELT the same way…<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, what they FOUND, after
XXX is….<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Or with an unhappy
incoming call..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr Customer I understand how
you FEEL…<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Something similar happened to
me and I FELT the same way…<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What I FOUND and I hope this
will be the same for you is…<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #373c43; line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And then you can get on to your
proposed solution.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The -LY Ending</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: persuave-cartoon-hypnosive-man-185"
style='width:138.75pt;height:93.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="persuave-cartoon-hypnosive-man-185"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a little known
persuasion secret by all but the major corps and their marketing agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surprisingly, if you
start a sentence with a word ending in LY then what follows is regarded as
truth and is very hard to object to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interestingly this is
what other customers have…<br />
Naturally my goal is to make sure…<br />
Amazingly we were able to…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just look at some of
the statements used by big PLC’s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Exceedingly good cakes<br />
Probably the best lager in the world<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fantastic, Great and
Marvelous</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: thumbs-up-with-megaphone-185"
style='width:138.75pt;height:97.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Words such as
Fantastic, Great, Marvelous are positive words and are definately appropriate
during a telephone conversation. They help the agent to sound upbeat and
interested in helping the customer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agent; Could I please
take your telephone number Mr Jones?<br />
Customer; I can give you my mobile number if that’s ok?<br />
Agent; That would be fantastic, thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Such positive words
bring great energy to a call, and yes , ok, they may be over the top, but
you’ll never hear a customer complain about how the agent was too positive or
upbeat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A personal touch</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
I have found that the personal touch is really good. If you can get the agents
to really believe in the company and its values, then every call will sound
sincere. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The last thing a customer
wants to hear (and trust me, they can tell) is a robotic agent who is just
saying what they have to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you can get your agents
to realize that the customer is a person, not a problem, they will enjoy each
call more, and this will show in an increase in performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t forget tone and
expression</span></b><span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the most
important things to remember while on a call is that the person on the other
side can actually see you. Your expression while thanking, encouraging or even apologizing
to the customer should be the same as if talking face to face.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Your tone and
expression should be genuine as fake words come out fake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #373c43; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Remember a customer
would always be interested to talk to someone who shows warmth and compassion.
It has always worked for me and the genuine comments received at the end of the
call gives me a ‘High’ which reflects in next so many calls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-9166418539011165862017-07-14T06:41:00.000-07:002017-07-14T06:41:48.922-07:00Punctuation Marks in the English Language<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
by: <a href="http://www.lousywriter.com/punctuation.php" target="_blank">LousyWriter</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<w:wrap anchory="line" type="square">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lindley Murray</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and <b>Goold
Brown</b> laid down cast-iron rules for punctuation, but most of them have
been broken long since and thrown into the junk-heap of disuse. They were too
rigid and too strict that they were impractical to apply to ordinary
composition.<br />
<br />
The manner of language, style and expression has considerably changed since
then. The old abstruse complex sentence —with its hidden meanings—has been
relegated to the shade. <b>Correct use of punctuation helps writers avoid
writing long-drawn-out phrases and write with terseness, brevity and clearness.</b> Therefore,
punctuation has been greatly simplified. It is now a matter of good taste and
judgment as adherence to any fixed set of rules. Nevertheless we still must
follow rules governing good punctuation.<br />
<br />
The chief end of punctuation is to mark the grammatical connection and the
dependence of the parts of a composition, but not the actual pauses made in
speaking. Very often the points used to denote the oral delivery of a passage
differ from those used when writing a passage. Nevertheless, several
punctuation marks bring out the rhetorical force of expression.<br />
<br />
<b>In punctuating, you should use such marks as needed to make clear what you
are writing. </b>You do not always need a mark of punctuation where you
require a pause in reading or speaking. The rules of punctuation are to
indicate the grammatical construction and the sense. While it is necessary to
follow general rules governing the subject, you do not have to confine yourself
strictly to them. A writer who understands the exact meaning of a passage, even
if he has a general knowledge of how to use punctuation marks, will punctuate
far better than he who blindly follows a "rule." Many writers follow
the general rules of punctuation, but they also omit some rules (when
applicable), such as using commas in long complex sentences containing many
clauses. On the other hand, you will find it necessary to insert a comma or
other mark not required by rule, to prevent ambiguity.<br />
<br />
<b>The principal marks of punctuation are:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Period [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Colon [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Semicolon [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Comma [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><v:shape alt="Description: http://www.lousywriter.com/graphics/icon-happy.png" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:allowoverlap="f" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 1in; left: 0px; margin-left: 20.8pt; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 1in; z-index: 251667456;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="icon-happy" src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png">
<w:wrap anchory="line" type="square">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Interrogation [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Exclamation [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">!</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Dash [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Parenthesis [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">()</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brackets
[</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">10.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Quotation [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">" "</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Apostrophe [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Hyphen [</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt;">Punctuation
marks: How to use the APOSTROPHE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<v:shape alt="Description: How to use the APOSTROPHE" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:allowoverlap="f" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 125.25pt; margin-left: 110.8pt; margin-top: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: right; mso-position-vertical-relative: line; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 0; mso-wrap-distance-right: 0; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 162pt; z-index: 251658240;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="How to use the APOSTROPHE" src="file:///C:\Users\AIDALYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The apostrophe</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span><b><span style="color: #cc0033; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> )
is primarily the sign of the possessive case, but it has several other
uses.<br />
<br />
<b>1)</b> Add an apostrophe only to nouns for the possessive case, not to
the pronouns, which have their separate possessive forms.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
brother's house<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">James'
father<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Children's
games<br />
<br />
<b>2)</b> <i>Its</i> is a possessive pronoun.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.— </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seeing
a fact is believing its truth.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
bird which was in its nest didn't see us.<br />
<br />
<b>3)</b> <i>It's</i> is an abbreviation for <i>it is.</i><br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is
raining.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's
warm outside.<br />
<br />
<b>4)</b> Do not use an apostrophe with the possessive adjectives </span><i><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hers,
ours, yours, theirs, its.</span></i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<b>5)</b> The possessive of <i>one, </i>with the apostrophe,
is </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">one's feelings</span><i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; but </span></i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">itself,</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oneself</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<br />
<br />
<b>6) </b>All nouns in the singular and all nouns in the plural except
those ending in <i>s</i> take an apostrophe and <i>s </i>to
form the possessive. Nouns in the plural ending in <i>s </i>take an
apostrophe only to form the possessive.<br />
<br />
You will hear different opinions about singular nouns ending in <i>s. </i>To
avoid the prolonged hissing sound of another <i>s, </i>do not add an
apostrophe <i>s</i> to the singular noun, just the apostrophe.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moses'
hat, for Moses's hat<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
conscience' sake<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
boss' coffee mug<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">James'
baseball<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
horses' medication was too costly.<br />
<br />
<b>7)</b> The apostrophe indicates the omission of letters in dialect, in
familiar dialogue, and in poetry: <i>wasn't, sleep o' nights, it's </i>for <i>it
is.</i><br />
<br />
<b>8)</b> You can abbreviate figures expressing dates, but it is better to
provide the full date.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The boys
of '71.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
happened in '98.<br />
<br />
The omission of the century in dates, when the century is understood; as, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Fourth
of July, '76</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is acceptable.<br />
<br />
<b>9)</b> The plural of figures and letters:<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"There
are three 5's in the number."<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Your <i>n's </i>and <i>u's </i>are
made too much alike."<br />
<br />
In forming the plural of figures, you can omit the the apostrophe. In forming
the plural of letters, you sometimes need the apostrophe to prevent
confusion: <i>i's </i>without the apostrophe would be <i>is, </i>and <i>u's </i>would
become <i>us. </i><br />
<br />
<b>10)</b> You do not need an apostrophe when you write the plural of a
figure or letter in full:<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"There
are three <i>fives </i>in the number."<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"This
line is 120 pixels long."<br />
<br />
<b>11) </b>Such abbreviations as <i>Dep't, Gov't, Sec'y, </i>and
the like, are objectionable in print. If you need to use such abbreviations,
then use the forms <i>Dept.</i>, <i>Govt.</i>, <i>Secy.</i><br />
<br />
<b>12) </b>The plural of a proper name like <i>Henry </i>is not
formed with apostrophe and <i>s, </i>but by the addition of <i>s.</i><br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Henrys live on Elm Street.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henrys' </span></i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(with
apostrophe) is the genitive plural of <i>Henry.</i><br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Henrys' motorcycle was stolen last night. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt;">Punctuation marks: How to use the COMMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Using the <b>the comma</b> ( </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> )
is the most difficult of all the punctuation marks. Usage varies greatly in
different types of writing. Equally good writers and proofreaders also question
the use of the comma in certain passages of writing. The English language has
certain general rules governing the proper use of the comma. Many cases,
however, will arise in which you will interpret the rules differently or use
the comma differently based on style guides like APA Style and MLA Style.<br />
<br />
<b>The comma is the least degree of separation.</b> Its business is to
define the particles and minor clauses of a sentence. When we look back to the
last century and fast forward to present day, we can see that writers favor the
semicolon more than the comma in wordy sentences. Today's writers favor
simplicity of expression. They write clear and simple English. They have
completely abandoned the old style of ornate writing which involved a good deal
of punctuation to make it intelligible. A simple and direct writing style needs
very little help--and little punctuation.<br />
<br />
The change in writing styles over the last century and the attitude of writers
wanting to simplify writing account for the difference in usage of the comma
and difficulty in fixing rules to cover all cases. The present attitude toward
punctuation, especially the use of the comma, is one of dislike. The writer is
always accountable to explain the presence of a comma rather than its absence.
Nevertheless, it is possible to go too far in removing commas in ordinary
writing. It is possible to create sentences in such a way as to avoid the
comma. The result is a harsh and awkward style, unwarranted by any
necessity. <b>Ordinary writing needs the companionship of commas to
indicate the sense and to prevent ambiguity.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Always remember that the primary use of the comma is to help bring forth the
meaning of the words and prevent ambiguity. </b>A correct use of the comma
shows clearly the separation and connection of words and phrases. If you think
your readers might misunderstand your sentence without a comma, then put one
in. If the words tell their story clearly, without misunderstanding, then leave
it out. This rule is dependable in the absence of any recognized rule for a
particular case, or where doubt exists as to the application of a rule.<br />
<br />
<b>1) </b>Use a comma after each adjective or adverb in a series of two or
more when not connected by conjunctions.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
was a tall, thin, dark man.<br />
<br />
The rule holds when the last member of the series is preceded by a
conjunction.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
was tall, thin, and dark.<br />
<br />
You can omit the comma if you combine words into a single idea.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A
still humid day.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> An
old red sock.<br />
<br />
<b>2)</b> Use a comma after each pair in a series of pairs of words or
phrases not connected by conjunctions.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sink
or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this
vote.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Formerly
the boss, his co-workers, even his apprentices, all worked in the same
building.<br />
<br />
<b>3) </b>Use a comma to separate contrasted words.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We
rule by love, not by hate.<br />
<br />
<b>4)</b> Use a comma between two independent clauses connected by a
conjunction.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
papers were out of order, but we managed to find the bank statement.<br />
<br />
<b>5)</b> Use a comma before a conjunction when the word which preceded it
is qualified by an expression.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He
quickly looked up, and spoke.<br />
<br />
<b>6) </b>Use a comma between relative clauses which explain the
antecedent, or which introduce a new thought.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
screwdriver, which was badly worn, could not tighten the screw.<br />
<br />
<b>6b)</b> If the relative clause limits the meaning of the antecedent,
but does not explain it and does not add a new thought, then omit the
comma.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
only worked the amount of hours which he was told to do.<br />
<br />
<b>7)</b> Use a comma to separate parenthetical or intermediate
expressions from the context.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> My
new business, you may be glad to know, is very successful this year.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
books, which I have read, were returned to the library.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
was pleased, I suppose, with his work.<br />
<br />
<b>7b)</b> If the connection of such expressions is so close as to form
one connected idea, then omit the comma.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
computer nearest the south hallway is broken.<br />
<br />
<b>7c) </b>If the connection of such expressions is remote, you might
decide to use parentheses.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
Tennis Committee (appointed under vote of April 10, 2012) organized and
proceeded with the next exhibition match.<br />
<br />
<b>8)</b> Use a comma to separate the coordinate clauses of compound
sentences if such clauses are simple and closely related.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
was kind, not indulgent, to his friends; firm, but just, in discipline;
courteous, but not familiar, to all.<br />
<br />
<b>9)</b> Use a comma to separate quotations, or similar brief expressions
from the preceding part of the sentence.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Caesar
reported to the Senate, "I came, I saw, I conquered."<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
question is, "What should we do next?"<br />
<br />
<b>10)</b> Use a comma to indicate the omission of the verb in compound
sentences having a common verb in several clauses.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One man
glories in his strength, another in his wealth, another in his learning.<br />
<br />
<b>11)</b> Use a comma to separate phrases containing the case absolute
from the rest of the sentence.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
form having been locked up, a proof was taken.<br />
<br />
<b>12.</b> Use a comma between words or phrases in disagreement to each
other.<br />
<br />
The comma is omitted when such a disagreement is used as a single phrase or a
compound name.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
poet Longfellow was born in Portland.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
word patriotic is now in extensive use.<br />
<br />
<b>13)</b> Use a comma after phrases and clauses which you place at the
beginning of a sentence by inversion.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Worn
out by hard wear, the type at last became unfit for use.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ever
since, he has had an appetite for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After
the general plan has been approved by the committee, it will be time to discuss
the details.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We
found them at the entrance of the subway station, waiting for us to come.<br />
<br />
<b>13b)</b> Omit the comma if you use a short phrase.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Of
success there could be no doubt.<br />
<br />
<b>14)</b> Use a comma to separate introductory phrases beginning
with <i>if, and, but, nor, when, wherever, whenever,</i> and the
like, even when the statement may appear to be direct.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> When
your e-mail has not been answered, it is best to follow up with a phone
call.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If
your thesis paper is hard to read, the professor might grade it lower.<br />
<br />
<b>15)</b> Use a comma to separate introductory words and phrases and
independent adverbs from the rest of the sentence.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now,
what are you going to do there?<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I
think, also, Scott owed much of his success to his strong common sense.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This
idea, however, had already been patented by your competitors.<br />
<br />
<b>15b)</b> Do not use the comma when these adverbs are used in the
ordinary way.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> They
also serve who only stand and wait.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This
must be done, however contrary to their demands.<br />
<br />
<b>16) </b>Use a comma to separate words or phrases of direct address from
the context.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I
submit, gentlemen, to your judgment.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> From
today, my son, your future is in your own hands.<br />
<br />
<b>17) </b>Use a comma between the name of a person and his title or
degree.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Woodrow
Wilson, President of the United States.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Brian
W. Elliot, Ph.D.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jordan
A. Williams, Esq.<br />
<br />
<b>18) </b>Use a comma before the word of connecting a proper name with
residence or position.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Senator
Lodge, of Massachusetts.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Elia
B. Trump, Senator from New York.<br />
<br />
<b>19) </b>Use a comma after an informal salutatory phrase at the
beginning of a letter.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear
John,<br />
<br />
<b>19b)</b> When the salutation is formal, use a colon instead.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear
Mr. John Smith:<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>20) </b>Use a comma to separate two numbers.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> January
31, 2012.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> By
the end of 2009, they had built 762 homes.<br />
<br />
<b>21) </b>Use a comma to indicate an ellipsis.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Subscription
for the magazine, five dollars.<br />
<br />
<b>21b)</b> Exceptions to this rule are made in very brief sentences,
especially in advertisements:<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tickets
75 cents.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Price
two dollars.<br />
<br />
<b>22)</b> In numeration, commas are used to express periods of three
figures.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mountains
25,000 feet high<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,000,000
dollars.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sometimes you may have to slightly alter or break the above rules in certain
situations. Use the following six principles to guide you:<br />
<br />
<b>1)</b> The comma is used to separate for the eye what is separate in
thought.<br />
<br />
<b>2)</b> The comma is not intended to break the content up into lengths
suited to the breath of one reading aloud.<br />
<br />
<b>3)</b> The comma is not an aesthetic device to improve the appearance
of the line.<br />
<br />
<b>4)</b> The sole purpose of the comma is to unfold the sense of the
words.<br />
<br />
<b>5)</b> The comma cannot be correctly used without a thorough
understanding of the sense of the words.<br />
<br />
<b>6)</b> When in doubt, leave it out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt;">Punctuation marks: How to use the COLON<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The colon</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> )
emphasizes the place of transition in a long sentence consisting of many
members and involving a logical turn of the thought. Both the colon and
semicolon are much less used now than formerly. Today's writers focus toward
short, simple, clear sentences, with little punctuation, which we refer to as
"the open style." Such sentences need little or no aid to tell their
story.<br />
<br />
<i>Rules for Using the Colon</i><br />
<br />
<b>1)</b> You have the choice to use a colon after <i>as, such as,
that is, namely, for example, </i>etc., when these words introduce a
series of particular terms in relation with a general term.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
American flag has three colors, namely: red, white, and blue.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I
can play various musical instruments, such as: the trumpet, the guitar, and the
piano.<br />
<br />
<b>2) </b>The colon is used also after a general term followed by several
statements in relation with it; the statements are separated from one another
by semicolons.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
darkness of death is like the evening twilight: it makes all objects appear
more lovely to the dying.—Richter.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> "We
hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these
are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."<br />
<br />
<b>3) </b>The colon is sometimes used to separate two members of a
compound sentence which are subdivided by semicolons. Such cases, however, are
rare.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> One's
age should be tranquil, as one's childhood should be playful; hard work at
either extremity of human existence seems to be out of place: the morning and
the evening should be alike cool and peaceful; at midday the sun may burn, and
men may labor under it.—Dr. T. Arnold.<br />
<br />
<b>4)</b> Use a colon before particular elements in a definite
statement.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bad:
He asked what caused the accident?<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Right:
He asked, "What caused the accident?"<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Napoleon
said to his army at the battle of the Pyramids: "Soldiers, forty centuries
are looking down upon you."<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
job duties of the boss are categorized under three heads: first, second,
etc.<br />
<br />
<b>5) </b>Use a colon before formal quotations.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Write a
short essay on the following topic: "How does the Internet help you
research?"<br />
<br />
<b>6) </b>When the formal introduction is brief, it is better to use a
comma.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Julia
said, "Come shopping with me."<br />
<br />
<b>7) </b>Use a colon after the formal salutatory phrase at the opening of
a letter.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear
Mr. John Henry:<br />
<br />
<u>When the letter is informal, use a comma.</u><br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dear
John,<br />
<br />
<b>8) </b>Use a colon between the chapter and verse in scriptural
references.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> John
xix: 22.<br />
<br />
<b>9) </b>Use a colon between the city of publication and the name of the
publisher in literary references.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> "The
Practice of Writing." New York: Stepping Stone Press, Inc.<br />
<br />
<b>10)</b> Some publishers use the colon in the imprints on the title
pages of books.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New
York: Harper & Brothers, 2011.<br />
<br />
<b>11) </b>Use a colon between the hours and minutes of time, like: <i>11:45
a.m.</i><br />
<br />
<b>12) </b>Use a colon only when the sentence directly introduces an
explanation, list, or quotation which immediately follows.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
apparatus should be set up as follows: First, clamp the flask in a position a
few inches above the table; next, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt;">Punctuation marks: How to use the DASH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dash is a very useful mark in a sentence.</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> It
is also the most overused—and abused—punctuation mark used carelessly by
writers. The visibility of the dash makes it a useful mark for guiding the eye
of the reader to the unity of the sentence. Writers like to use the dash to
emphasize repetition of statement and elaboration of detail. In long wordy
sentences, the inexperienced writer stuffs the sentence with too many commas,
semicolons, and even parentheses which often confuse readers. The dash can
clear a sentence of needless punctuation because of its multitude of
uses.<br />
<br />
Dashes are similar to hyphens, but differ from them primarily in length, and
serve different functions. The most common versions of the dash are the <b>en
dash</b> (</span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) and the <b>em dash</b> (</span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).<br />
<br />
<i>Rules for Using the Dash </i><br />
<br />
<b>1)</b> Use a dash to mark abrupt changes in sentiment and in
construction.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Have
you ever heard—but how should you hear?<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Some
men are full of affection—affection for themselves.<br />
<br />
<b>2)</b> Use a dash to mark pauses and repetitions used for dramatic or
rhetorical effect.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> They
make a desert, and call it—peace.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
lovely Anne, who donated money for our fundraiser—she passed away last
night.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
has lost wealth, home, friends—everything but honor.<br />
<br />
<b>3)</b> Use a dash to express in one sentence opposition of action or
emotion or to increase the speed of the dialogue by a succession of snappy
phrases.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> She
starts—she moves—she seems to feel the thrill of life with her career.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
three stellar words in the vocabulary of the freelance writer to trade and
technical journals are—Accuracy—Timeliness—Importance.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nature
instantly ebbed again—the sunset returned to its place.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
pulse fluttered—stopped—went on—throbbed—stopped again.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Should
I go on?—No.<br />
<br />
<b>4) </b>Use a dash to separate the repetition or different amplifications
of the same statement.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> You
speak like a boy—like a boy, who thinks the old gnarled oak can be twisted as
easily as the young sapling.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Let
no sad tears be shed, when I die, over me, but bury me deep in the sea—in the
sea.<br />
<br />
<b>5)</b> At the end of a series of phrases which depend upon a concluding
clause.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Amazon Kindle, Apple's iPad and iPod, and other mobile devices—these are
e-reader devices to read ebooks.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> To
pull down the false and to build up the true, and to uphold what there is of
true in the old—let this be our endeavor.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
excelled in three branches—arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.<br />
<br />
<b>6)</b> Use a dash when you abruptly terminate a sentence.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If
I thought he said it, I would—<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I
was left speechless, hurt, scared—<br />
<br />
<b>7)</b> Use a dash to precede expressions which you add to an apparently
completed sentence, but which refer to some previous part of the
sentence.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> He
wondered what the police officer would say—he had a way of saying the
unexpected.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I
know my wife was hurt—I shouldn't have said those things.<br />
<br />
<b>8)</b> To connect extreme dates in time indication.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
war of 1961-1965.<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In
memory of Steve Jobs, 1955-2011.<br />
<br />
<b>9)</b> Use a dash to define verse references in the Bible or page
references in books.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Matt,
v: 1-11. Matt, v: 1-11. See pp. 50-53. See pp. 50-53.<br />
<br />
NOTE. In instances in the two preceding rules, the en dash (–) may sometimes
serve if the em dash (—) appears too conspicuous.<br />
<br />
<b>10) </b>Parenthetical Expressions<br />
<br />
Use the dash before and after a parenthetical expression that is too much
detached from the sentence to take commas, and yet is too closely related to
enclose within parentheses.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> That
done, she turned to the old man with a lovely smile upon her face—such, they
said, as they had never seen and never could forget—and clung with both her
arms about his neck. They did not know that she was dead, at
first.—DICKENS.<br />
<br />
<b>11)</b> Sideheads and Extracts<br />
<br />
You can use a period and a dash after a sidehead; that is, a heading at the beginning
of a paragraph. You can also place these marks after an extract, when the name
of the author or work follows in the same paragraph. In these cases the dash is
an ornamental mark used by the printer.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> THE
AGE OF ELIZABETH.—Lectures on the History of English Literature, from the
Revival of Learning to Milton, exclusive of the Drama.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EX.—</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Human
beings have the awesome ability to take any experience of their lives and
create a meaning that disempowers them or one that can literally save their lives.—ANTHONY
ROBBINS.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
<br />
Use the dash mark sparingly. Do not use it to take the place of other
punctuation marks nor to separate complete sentences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-21777838691295125612017-07-14T04:54:00.001-07:002017-07-14T04:54:34.841-07:00Tongue Twister Basic English Grammar - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Ice Cream</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">I scream, you
scream, we all scream for ice cream!<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I Saw Susie</span></u></b><u><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine
shop.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Can you can a can</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I have got a date</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll
see you at the gate, so don’t be late.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Two witches, two watches</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></u><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">If two witches would
watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<strong><u><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;">Peter Piper</span></u></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers? If Peter Piper picked a peck of
pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Woodchuck</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></u><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">How much wood would
a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as
much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck
could chuck wood.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><u><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in; text-transform: uppercase;">Betty Botter</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h2>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Betty Botter bought a bit of
butter.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">The butter Betty Botter bought was a bit bitter</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">And made her batter bitter.</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">But a bit of better butter makes better batter.</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">So Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Making Betty Botter’s bitter batter better<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-transform: uppercase;">She
Sells Sea-Shells</span></u></strong><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">She sells sea-shells on the
sea-shore.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">The shells she sells are sea-shells, I’m sure.</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">For if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore</span><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Then I’m sure she sells sea-shore shells.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.35pt; margin: 8.35pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A tutor who
tooted the flute<br />
Tried to tutor two tooters to toot<br />
Said the two to the tutor<br />
"Is it tougher to toot<br />
Or to tutor two tooters to toot?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 16.35pt; margin: 8.35pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A skunk sat on
a stump.<br />
The stump thought the skunk stunk.<br />
The skunk thought the stump stunk .<br />
What stunk the skunk or the stump?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">There was a fisherman named Fisher<br />
who fished for some fish in a fissure.<br />
Till a fish with a grin,<br />
pulled the fisherman in.<br />
Now they're fishing the fissure for Fisher.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">How many berries could a bare berry carry,<br />
if a bare berry could carry berries?<br />
Well they can't carry berries<br />
(which could make you very wary)<br />
but a bare berry carried is scarier<b>!<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A twister of twists once twisted a twist;<br />
A twist that he twisted was a three-twisted twist;<br />
If in twisting a twist one twist should untwist,<br />
The untwisted twist would untwist the twist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep.<br />
The seven silly sheep Silly Sally shooed<br />
shilly-shallied south.<br />
These sheep shouldn't sleep in a shack;<br />
sheep should sleep in a shed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I need not your needles, they're needless to me;<br />
For kneading of noodles, 'twere needless, you see;<br />
But did my neat knickers but need to be kneed,<br />
I then should have need of your needles indeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">You've no need to light a
night-light</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">On a light night like tonight,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">For a night-light's light's a slight light,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">And tonight's a night that's light.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">When a night's light, like tonight's light,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">It is really not quite right</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">To light night-lights with their slight lights</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">On a light night like tonight.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">Of all the felt I ever
felt,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">I never felt a piece of felt</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Which felt as fine as that felt felt,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">When first I felt that felt hat's felt.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 16.75pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">I thought a thought</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">But the thought I thought</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Was not the thought</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">I thought I thought.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Amidst the mists and
coldest frosts,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">With stoutest wrists and loudest boasts,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">He thrusts his fist against the posts</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">And still insists he sees the ghosts.</span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-90242400370236293492017-07-14T04:48:00.002-07:002017-07-14T04:48:40.257-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 7) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<b><u><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-BH;">ENGLISH GRAMMAR –
TENSES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-language: AR-BH;">1. </span><u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Simple
Past Tense<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Simple Past Tense</strong>,
often just called the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Past
Tense</strong>, is easy to use in English.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
In general, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Past Tense</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is used to talk about something that
started and finished at a definite time in the past.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">How to form the Past Tense in English<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
The main rule is
that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
(The exception is the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Past tense
of To Be, which has two forms:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>was</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>were</em>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
This is totally
different from other languages such as Spanish, French, and Italian etc. where
you change the verb ending for every subject.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
For example: The
past tense of the verb<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i>want</i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i>wanted</i></strong>.<br />
<em>Wanted</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is used as the
past tense for all subjects/pronouns.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past Tense Regular Verbs<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
To
change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add –ED to the end
of the verb.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">play – played<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">cook – cooked<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">rain – rained<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">wait – waited<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples of sentences using regular verbs in the past tense<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Last night I <b>played</b> my
guitar loudly and the neighbors <b>complained</b>.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>kissed</b> me
on the cheek.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>rained</b> yesterday.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Angela <b>watched</b> TV
all night.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">John <b>wanted</b> to
go to the museum.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Negative sentences in the Past Tense<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
We use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>didn't (did not)</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to make a negative sentence in the
past tense.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples of negative sentences in the Past Tense<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>didn't</b> want
to go to the dentist.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>didn't</b> have
time.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <b>didn't</b> close
the door.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>didn't</b> come
to my party.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>didn't</b> study
so they <b>didn't</b> pass the test.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>didn't</b> sleep
well last night.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Questions in the Past Tense<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
We use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>did</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to make a question in the past tense.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Compare the
following:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Present:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Do</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>they live in <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>?<br />
Past:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Did</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>they live in <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
The main verb (<em>live</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in the example above) is in its base
form (of the infinitive). The auxiliary<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>DID</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>show that the question is in the past
tense.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
can also use a <u>question word</u> (Who, What, Why etc.) before DID to ask for more information.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Did you study? – Yes, I did.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b>When</b> did you study? –
I studied last night.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b>Where </b>did you study? –
I studied at the library.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Irregular
verbs are ONLY irregular in affirmative/positive sentences.<br />
(An exception to this is with the verb <a href="http://www.grammar.cl/Past/To_Be.htm" title="To Be in the Past Tense"><span style="color: #4d9028;">TO BE in the Past Tense</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
For
example: The past tense of GO is WENT.<br />
It does not end in –ED so it is considered irregular.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
word <b><i>went</i></b> is used for all subjects – I, you, we, they,
he, she, it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>went</b> to the
beach<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>went</b> to the
park.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>went</b> to the
zoo.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>went</b> to the
library.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
BUT,
as we mentioned before, it is only in its irregular form (<i>went</i>) in
sentences that are affirmative/positive.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Compare
the following using GO in the past tense.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>went</b> to
the beach<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <u>didn't</u> <b>go</b> to
the beach --- <b><i>Didn't</i></b> shows that we are talking in
the past tense.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><u>Did</u> they <b>go</b> to
the beach? --- <b><i>Did</i></b> show that we are talking in the
past tense.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Another
example with an irregular verb<br />
The past of EAT is ATE.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <b>ate</b> my cake.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <u>didn't</u> <b>eat</b> my
cake.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><u>Did</u> you <b>eat</b> my
cake?<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Past Tense Irregular Verbs List<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Part
I - The following is a list of Irregular Verbs in English</b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past Simple<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past Participle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
arise<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
arose<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
arisen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
babysit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
babysat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
babysat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
be<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
was / were<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
been<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
beat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
beat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
beaten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
become<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
became<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
become<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bend<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
begin<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
began<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
begun<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bind<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bound<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bound<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bite<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bitten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bleed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bled<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bled<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
blow<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
blew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
blown<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
break<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broke<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broken<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
breed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bred<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bred<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bring<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
brought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
brought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
build<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
built<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
built<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
buy<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
catch<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
caught<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
caught<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
choose<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
chose<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
chosen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
come<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
came<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
come<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cost<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cost<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cost<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
deal<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dealt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dealt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dig<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dug<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dug<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
do<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
did<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
done<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
draw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drawn<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drink<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drank<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drunk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drive<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
drove<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
driven<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
eat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
ate<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
eaten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fall<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fell<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fallen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
feed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
feel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
felt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
felt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fight<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
find<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
found<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
found<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fly<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
flew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
flown<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forbid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forbade<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forbidden<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forget<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgot<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgotten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgive<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgave<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgiven<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
freeze<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
froze<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
frozen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
get<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
got<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
gotten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
give<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
gave<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
given<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
go<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
went<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
gone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
grow<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
grew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
grown<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hang*<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
had<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
had<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hear<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
heard<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
heard<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hide<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hidden<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hold<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
held<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
held<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
keep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
kept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
kept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
know<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
knew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
known<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lay<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
laid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
laid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lead<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
led<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
led<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
leave<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
left<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
left<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lend<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lie **<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lay<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lain<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
light<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lose<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lost<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lost<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
make<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
made<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
made<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
mean<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
meant<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
meant<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
meet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
met<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
met<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
pay<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
paid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
paid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read ***<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
ride<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rode<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
ridden<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
ring<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rang<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rise<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rose<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
risen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
run<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
ran<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
run<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
say<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
said<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
said<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
see<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
saw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
seen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sell<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sold<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sold<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
send<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shake<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shook<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shaken<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shine<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shone<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shoot<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shot<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shot<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
show<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
showed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shown<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sing<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sang<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sink<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sank<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sunk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sleep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
slept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
slept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
slide<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
slid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
slid<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
speak<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spoke<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spoken<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spend<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spin<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spun<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spun<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stand<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stood<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stood<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
steal<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stole<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stolen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stick<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stuck<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stuck<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sting<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
strike<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
struck<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
struck<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swear<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swore<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sworn<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sweep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swim<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swam<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swum<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swing<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swung<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
take<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
took<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
taken<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
teach<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
taught<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
taught<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tear<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tore<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
torn<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tell<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
told<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
told<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
think<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
thought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
thought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
throw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
threw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
thrown<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
understand<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
understood<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
understood<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
wake<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
woke<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
woken<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
wear<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
wore<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
worn<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
win<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
won<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
won<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
withdraw<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
withdrew<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
withdrawn<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
write<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
wrote<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
written<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b>* HANG</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- Hang has two different meanings. The first is "to
attach (or hang) something in a high position" (e.g. on the wall or on a
hook). In this case we use the above verbs Hang-Hung-Hung.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
BUT when Hang
means "to kill someone by putting a rope around someone's neck and leaving
them in a high position without any support", we use different verbs:
Hang-Hanged-hanged. This verb is typical of public executions in the past.
(e.g. They hanged him in the main square.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b>** LIE</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- Lie has two meanings. When it means "to put your
body in a horizontal position" (normally on a bed) it uses the
Lie-Lay-Lain verbs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
BUT it is
regular Lie-Lied-Lied when it has the other meaning of "not to say the
truth".<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b>*** READ</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>- Even though they are written the same, the pronunciation
is different in the Past Tense and Past Participle form.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Part
II - </b>Verbs that have the same form in
Present, Past and Past Participle form:<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past Simple<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past Participle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bet<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
broadcast<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hurt<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
let<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
put<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
quit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
read<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
set<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
shut<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
spread<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Present Tense - Third Person<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Normally
in the present tense we add <b>S</b> to the end of the verb in the
3rd person (He, She, It).<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3rd Person<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Speak<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Speak<b>s</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Play<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Play<b>s</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Give<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Give<b>s</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Make<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Make<b>s</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>speaks</b> three
languages.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>drinks</b> coffee
every morning.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My dog <b>hates</b> my
cat.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Irregular Verbs<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Irregular
verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change
that is made to these verbs is in the third person – for He, She or It.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
1.
If the verb ends in <b>SS</b>, <b>X</b>, <b>CH</b>, <b>SH</b> or
the letter <b>O</b>, we add + <b>ES</b> in the third person.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3rd Person<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Kiss<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Kiss<b>es</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Fix<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Fix<b>es</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Watch<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Watch<b>es</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Crash<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Crash<b>es</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Go<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Go<b>es</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">A mechanic <b>fixes</b> cars.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>watches</b> soap
operas every afternoon.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>kisses</b> his
wife before he <b>goes</b> to work.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="background-color: white;">2.
If the verb ends in a </span><b>Consonant + Y</b><span style="background-color: white;">, we remove the Y and + </span><b>IES</b><span style="background-color: white;"> in
the third person.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3rd Person<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Carry<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Carr<b>ies</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Hurry<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Hurr<b>ies</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Study<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Stud<b>ies</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Deny<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Den<b>ies</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Isabel <b>studies</b> every
night.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The baby <b>cries</b> all
the time.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>denies </b>all
responsibility.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Negative Sentence</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
To
form the negative we use the auxiliary <b>do not</b>. Again, the only
variation occurs in the 3rd person where we use <b>does not</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Positive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Negative<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I talk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I do not talk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She talks<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She <b>does not</b> talk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You sleep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You do not sleep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He sleeps<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He <b>does not</b> sleep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Carol studies<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Carol <b>does not</b> study<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We study<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We do not study<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
In
the negative, the main verb is always in the bare infinitive (without TO). It
doesn't change for the third person. We don't put an <b>S</b> on the
end of the verb in the negative form. In the examples above - talk, sleep and
study do not change in the 3rd person.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>speaks</b> Italian<br />
He doesn't <b>speak</b> Italian.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Remember: <b>Do
not</b> can be abbreviated to <b>Don't </b>and <b>Does not</b> can
be abbreviated to <b>Doesn't</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Present Tense vs Progressive Tense<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Simple Present Tense<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the simple present tense:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.</b> For facts<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Whales live in the
ocean.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Aconcagua is the
highest mountain in <st1:place w:st="on">Latin America</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The flight from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Chile</st1:country-region> to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region> is thirteen hours.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.</b> For repeated or regular actions<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Flights to <st1:city w:st="on">Buenos Aires</st1:city> leave
every hour.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I eat breakfast at the
table.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We work every day of
the week.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.</b> For habits<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I brush my teeth three
times a day.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He only drinks
Martinis.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We celebrate Christmas
on the twenty-fifth of December.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>4.</b> For things that are generally true in the present
time period:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Boca Juniors is the
best team in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Argentina</st1:country-region>
at the moment.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She is my girlfriend.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We study English.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<b><u>Present Progressive Tense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the present progressive tense:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.</b> When somebody is doing something at this moment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Sarah is changing her
clothes right now.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Her boyfriend is
waiting for her.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We are learning the
progressive tense in English.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.</b> When something is happening at this moment. When the
action has started but hasn't finished.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It is snowing at the moment.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The economy is growing
at an exponential rate.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The children are
sleeping, so please be quiet.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.</b> To talk about something that is happening around the
time of speaking but not necessarily at that exact moment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Alfredo is studying a
lot for his exam.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I'm reading a great
book. (not necessary right at this moment)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We are planning a trip
to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Jamaica</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u>Present vs. Progressive Tense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A
significant difference between these two tenses is we use the <b>simple
present tense</b> for things that are permanent or are in general and
the <b>present progressive tense</b> for things that may change or
are temporary.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Compare:<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Permanent<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Temporary<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Simon <b>lives</b> in
<st1:city w:st="on">Birmingham</st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Simon <b>is living</b> with
his friends for now.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
James <b>smokes</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
James <b>is smoking</b> in
the kitchen.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We <b>walk</b> to
work.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We<b>'re walking</b> in
the park.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>speak</b> English.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>am speaking</b> English
right now.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verbs that we don't use in the Progressive Tense<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Another
difference is that there are some verbs in English that we don't use in the
progressive tense. These include:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Belong
- Cost - Hate - Have (possession) - Hear - Know - Like - Love - Need - Own -
Remember - Seem - Smell - Understand - Want<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Different Meanings</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
In
questions the same verb can change the meaning depending on if it is in the
present or the present progressive tense.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Differences in meaning of
verb<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Statement<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Meaning<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What do you do?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What <i>is</i> your
job?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What are you doing?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What are you doing <i>at
the moment</i>?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What do you read?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What do you <i>like</i> to
read?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What are you reading?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
What are you reading <i>right
now</i>?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Present vs Progressive vs Past Tense<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u>Present Tense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the present tense:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.
For facts.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">A square <b>has</b> four
equal sides.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><st1:city w:st="on">Copenhagen</st1:city> <b>is</b> the
capital of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.
For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Flights to <st1:city w:st="on">Buenos Aires</st1:city> <b>leave</b> every
thirty minutes.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The bells of the town
clock <b>ring</b> every hour.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.
For habits</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>brush</b> my
teeth every morning.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>goes</b> to
the gym after work.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>4.
For things that are generally true in the present time period.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Manchester United is
the best team in European football at the moment.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My friend lives in <st1:city w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the present tense when the beginning or ending of an action, event or
condition is unknown or unimportant to the meaning of the sentence.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<b><u>Progressive Tense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the present progressive tense:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.
When somebody is doing something at the moment.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Carla <b>is
washing</b> her hair.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Christian <b>is
playing</b> table-tennis.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.
When something is happening at the moment.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>is snowing</b> at
the moment.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The Christmas
sales <b>are happening</b> as we speak.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.
To talk about something that is happening around the time of speaking but not
necessarily at that exact moment.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My brother <b>is
learning</b> how to play the violin at school.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Computers <b>are
becoming</b> smaller and faster all the time.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A
sentence in the Present Continuous indicates that the action, event or
condition is ongoing. It is happening at this point in time and emphasizing the
continuing nature of an act, event or condition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<b><u>Past Tense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The Past
Tense is used:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.
To indicate that an action, event or condition has started and finished. It can
be included with a time reference (for more information) or without.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They went to the beach.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Peter slept for ten
hours.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.
To talk about something this was true in the past.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><st1:city w:st="on">Kyoto</st1:city>
was the capital of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>
for 1100 years.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Margaret Thatcher was
the Prime Minister of Great Britain.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.
When we are talking about a particular time in the past.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I visited <st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> in
2000.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Marta spoke to her
sister last night.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It
can be included with a time reference (for more information) or without it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u>Comparing the Tenses</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A
sentence in the Present Continuous indicates that the action, event or
condition is ongoing. It is happening at this point in time and emphasizing the
continuing nature of an act, event or condition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A
significant difference between the <b>simple present tense</b> and
the <b>Progressive Tense</b> is:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use the <b>Simple Present Tense</b> for things that are permanent<br />
We use the <b>Present Progressive</b> for things that may change (are
temporary).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Compare:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Simon lives in <st1:city w:st="on">Birmingham</st1:city>.
(Permanent)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Simon is living in <st1:city w:st="on">Birmingham</st1:city> for six
months. (Temporary)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It rains a lot in
winter (Permanent)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It is raining outside
(temporary)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Present<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>live</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Chile</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Right now - Permanent<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Progressive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>am living</b> in
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Chile</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
For the moment - Temporary<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>lived</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Chile</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Happened in the past (not now)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Affirmative<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Negative<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Question<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Present<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>live</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>don't</b> live
in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Do</b> you live in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Progressive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I<b>'m living</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I<b>'m not</b> living in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Are you</b> living in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>lived</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>didn't </b>live
in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Did</b> you live in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Peru</st1:country-region>?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></u></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Present Perfect Tense<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
Present Perfect Tense is formed using the following structure:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Affirmative:</b> Subject + Have / Has + <a href="http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Past-Participles.htm" title="The Past Participle in English"><span style="color: #4d9028;">Past
Participle</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Negative:</b> Subject + Haven't / Hasn't + Past Participle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Question:</b> Have / Has + Subject + Past Participle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Affirmative Sentences</b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Subject<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Have<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past<br />
Participle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Rest of the Sentence<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
studied<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
for the exam.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a new computer.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
eaten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my chocolate.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
written<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
an e-mail.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
been<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cold this month.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
won<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
the championship.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tried<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to learn a lot.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgotten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my birthday.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Contractions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
contracted form of the perfect tense is quite common:<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Have<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Contraction<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I've<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>I've</b> spent all my money.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You've<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>You've</b> worn that dress before.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He's<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>He's</b> slept all morning.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She's<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>She's</b> lost her purse.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It's<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>It's</b> fallen off the wall.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We've<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>We've</b> chosen you for the job.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You've<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>You've</b> begun to annoy me.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They've<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>They've</b> drunk too much.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We
use contractions a lot when we are speaking.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Negative Sentences</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
contraction of the perfect tense in negative form is:<br />
Have not = Haven't<br />
Has not = Hasn't<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Subject<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Have<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past<br />
Participle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Rest of the Sentence<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
haven't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
studied<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
for the exam.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
haven't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a new computer.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hasn't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
eaten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my chocolate.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hasn't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
written<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
an e-mail.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
hasn't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
been<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
cold this month.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
haven't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
won<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
the championship.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
haven't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tried<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to learn a lot.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
haven't<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
forgotten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my birthday.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Questions<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Have<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Subject<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Past<br />
Participle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Rest of the Sentence<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
been<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
chosen for the team?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
you<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
bought<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a new car?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
he<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
eaten<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my sandwich?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
she<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
written<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
the letter?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Has<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
it<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
started<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
on time?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
we<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
won<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a trophy?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
you<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
kept<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my secret?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
they<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
driven<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
there?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>When do we use the Present Perfect Tense?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>1.
Unspecified point in the past</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>have been</b> to
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>
three times.<br />
(At some unspecified time in the past, I went to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>).<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Compare
with the simple past:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I went to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>
three times in 2005.<br />
(specified time in the past - the year 2005)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>2.
An action that occurred in the past, but has a result in the present (now)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We can't find our
luggage. <b>Have</b> you <b>seen</b> it?<br />
(The luggage was lost in the past, do you know where it is now?)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>3.
Talking about general experiences (ever, never)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It
usually refers to an event happening at some moment in your life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b>Has</b> she
ever <b>tried</b> Chilean wine before? (in her life)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I<b>'ve</b> never <b>eaten</b> monkey
brains before. (in my life)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>4.
Events that recently occurred (just)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Do you want to go to a
restaurant with me?<br />
No, thanks. I<b>'ve</b> just <b>eaten</b> lunch. (I
recently ate lunch.)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>5.
Events that have occurred up to now (yet)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Are Carlos and Rodrigo
here? No, they <b>haven't arrived</b> yet. (they're still not
here now)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>6.
Events that occurred before you expected (already)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I<b>'ve</b> already <b>graduated</b> from
University. (I expected to graduate at a later date.)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>7.
Events that began in the past and haven't changed (for, since)</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Mike <b>has worked</b> at
Woodward for 3 years.<br />
(Mike started working at Woodward 3 years ago and he still works there
now.)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Julie <b>has
worked</b> at Woodward since September last year.<br />
(Julie began working at Woodward in September of last year, and that
hasn't changed - she still works here now.)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-59125966645611255252017-07-14T04:42:00.001-07:002017-07-14T04:42:54.134-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 6) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This - That - These -Those<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div>
<strong style="text-align: right;"><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">This, That, These, Those</span></strong></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: right;"><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">are called demonstratives and they are used to show the relative speaker and the noun.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: right;"><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMAx4YbSh6wlEQwSyu3GeGEQ1-zaODUrsO4xTPVbwltPF06xSp-_PrtwkRuOhFI-HZGG5dFYHaDzuRj2JFSv1Mkr5zTKuh2SciOpGNYfRP_HhRKrKscDl7RQFEMj23wn8yuts8XPIzjvWh/s1600/this+these.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="720" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMAx4YbSh6wlEQwSyu3GeGEQ1-zaODUrsO4xTPVbwltPF06xSp-_PrtwkRuOhFI-HZGG5dFYHaDzuRj2JFSv1Mkr5zTKuh2SciOpGNYfRP_HhRKrKscDl7RQFEMj23wn8yuts8XPIzjvWh/s400/this+these.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Where + To Be</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>WHERE</b> is a question word that is used to ask about a place
or location.<br />
(= I want to know the place, position or location)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following table shows you the word order of questions with <b>Where</b> when
it is used with <b>To Be</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Where<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>To Be<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Subject<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Example Answers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
am<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You're in the hospital.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
are<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
you ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I'm at work.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
is<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
he ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
He's at home.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
is<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
she ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
She's in the store.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
is<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
it ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It's on the table.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
are<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
we ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You're at my new job<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
are<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
you ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
We're at school.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
are<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
they ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They're at university.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You
can also ask where things or places are:<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Where<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>To Be<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Subject<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Example Answers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
is<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my book ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It's on the table.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Where<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
are<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
my books ?<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
They're on the desk.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Remember:</b><br />
<b>Is + singular</b> word<br />
<b>Are + plural</b> word.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Other examples of Where + To Be<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Where is the Statue of Liberty?
It's in <st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state>.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Where is the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Eiffel</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Tower</st1:placetype></st1:place>?
It's in <st1:city w:st="on">Paris</st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Where are your parents right now?
They're on holiday.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Where is your favorite restaurant?
It's downtown.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-BH;"> </span><u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Your vs You're</span></span></u></h1>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
A common mistake
not only for students learning English but also for native speakers is the
difference between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Your</strong>
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>You're</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in written English.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
This happens
because both words sound the same when they are spoken.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">What is the difference between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Your</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>You're</em>?<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
The simplest
explanation is that:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong>Your</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>= a possessive adjective. It shows possession, that
something belongs to the person you are talking to. e.g. This is not my pen, it
is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>your</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong>You're</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>= you are. It is a contraction (or short way of writing).
e.g. You're crazy = You are crazy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Here is a chart we have created to show you more about
the difference how to know when</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEqItD4iWReFWa1XwyAQ1v_zdxyk03AXzDSpZWoCt9MPrA82OC8mtPWhkqxkSW69J2ou8GKTSkwOFW6BT4wvvcSi3I9ZJhpqlq0iJB4PcN0Y8c98NY_H4E9hBIWIrSySxhFb8Kcxi_O4y/s1600/your+youre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="700" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEqItD4iWReFWa1XwyAQ1v_zdxyk03AXzDSpZWoCt9MPrA82OC8mtPWhkqxkSW69J2ou8GKTSkwOFW6BT4wvvcSi3I9ZJhpqlq0iJB4PcN0Y8c98NY_H4E9hBIWIrSySxhFb8Kcxi_O4y/s400/your+youre.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: right;"><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-22999869649398214582017-07-14T04:35:00.000-07:002017-07-14T04:35:08.309-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 5) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Spelling -ED Ending Rules<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Remember: Not all words that
end in -ED are verbs in the <u>past tense</u>. Sometimes they are <u>Past
Participles</u> or they could even be <u>Adjectives ending in -ED</u>.
For now we will mostly use <b>verbs</b> in the Past Tense as examples
though the same rules apply to all words ending in -ED<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
general rule when changing a word (or verb) into its -ED form is just to add
-ED to the end of it.</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ED form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to play<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
played<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to wait<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
waited<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to work<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
worked<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to rain<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
rained<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>played</b> with
his dog in the backyard.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>waited</b> for
them to invite me.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>worked</b> until
late last night.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>rained</b> all
day.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Spelling Exceptions<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ED:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a).
If a word ends in an E we just add the D to the end.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ED form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to live<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lived<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to love<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
loved<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to smile<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
smiled<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to dance<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
danced<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>lived</b> in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region> for two years and then <b>moved</b> to
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>loved</b> the
surprise you had for me.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>smiled</b> when he
saw his wife come through the door.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>danced</b> until
their feet hurt.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
b).
If the word ends in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, we double the final
consonant and add ED.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ED form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to stop<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stopped<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to admit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
admitted<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to plan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
planned<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to refer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
referred<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to commit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
committed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The policeman <b>stopped</b> the
thief from escaping.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>admitted</b> that
he was wrong.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>planned</b> a
surprise birthday party for our friend.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>referred</b> the
students to the website where they could practice some more.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>committed</b> a
serious crime and will end up in jail.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
c).
If a two-syllable verb ends in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, we <b>DO
NOT</b> double the final consonant when the stress is on the <b>FIRST</b> syllable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ED form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>hap</u>pen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
happened<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>en</u>ter<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
entered<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>of</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
offered<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>suf</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
suffered<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">What <b>happened</b>?<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I <b>entered</b> through
the back door.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She was <b>offered</b> a
new position with a higher salary.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Many people are <b>suffered</b> from
a lack of food and water.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
d).
BUT, we DO NOT double the final consonant when the word ends in <b>W, X or
Y</b> or when the final syllable is not stressed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ED form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to fix<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fixed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to enjoy<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
enjoyed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to snow<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
snowed<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He <b>fixed</b> his
bike.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>enjoyed</b> our
time in the North of Chile.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>snowed</b> yesterday.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-BH;">8.</span><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <u>Spelling Rules -ING</u><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following is a guide to the correct spelling of –ing forms of verbs and
gerunds.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
general rule when changing a verb into its -ING form is just to add -ING to the
end of the verb.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to feel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
feeling<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to go<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
going<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to work<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
working<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to sleep<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sleeping<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She wasn't feeling very well.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He is working on a new project.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The children are sleeping so be
quiet.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Spelling exceptions<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ING:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
a).
If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to live<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
living<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to have<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
having<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to make<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
making<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to take<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
taking<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">People are living longer now than
they were 100 years ago.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We are making a chocolate cake.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He was taking his time to get
ready.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
b).
If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final
consonant and add ING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to stop<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
stopping<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to sit<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
sitting<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to plan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
planning<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to get<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
getting<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to swim<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
swimming<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The policeman is stopping the
traffic.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We are planning a surprise party
for our teacher.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I think I am getting a cold.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
c).
If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we <b>do
not</b> double the final consonant when the stress is on the first
syllable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>hap</u>pen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
happening<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>en</u>ter<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
entering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>of</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
offering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>suf</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
suffering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">What is happening?<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They are offering a discount.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Many people are suffering from a
lack of food and water.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
d).
But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or
when the final syllable is not emphasized.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to fix<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
fixing<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to enjoy<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
enjoying<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to snow<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
snowing<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He fixing his bike.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We are enjoying this
great weather.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It's snowing outside.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
e).
If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to lie<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
lying<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to die<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
dying<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to tie<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
tying<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I know you are lying to
me!<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You should water your
plant more because I think it is dying.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The little boy is tying
his shoelaces.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
f).
If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and
add ING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Note:
In the United States (US) they do not double the L when the accent is on the
first syllable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border: none; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<br />
(<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">UK</st1:place></st1:country-region>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<br />
(US)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to travel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
travelling<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
traveling<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to marvel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
marvelling<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
marveling<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I have been travelling
around <st1:place w:st="on">South America</st1:place> for 6 months.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He was marvelling at
her beauty.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
g).
If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
re<u>fer</u><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
referring<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
de<u>fer</u><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
deferring<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Are you referring to
this one or that one?<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They are thinking of
deferring payment of their mortgage.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
h).
If the verb ends in an <b>un</b>stressed vowel + R, we do <b>not</b> double
the final R and add ING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Infinitive<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 3.0pt; padding: 4.2pt 8.35pt 4.2pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 6pt 0in 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ING form<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>of</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-left: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
offering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>suf</u>fer<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8E8; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
suffering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-top: none; border: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
to <u>whis</u>per<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC 1.5pt; padding: 1.65pt 4.2pt 1.65pt 4.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
whispering<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I am offering you a
special deal.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">He is now suffering the
consequences of his actions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I wonder what he is
whispering in her ear.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>There is - There are</b></span></span></u></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">There vs Their vs They're</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></h1>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">A
common mistake not only for students learning English but also for native
speakers is the difference between <strong>There, Their</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>They're</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in written English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">This
happens because both words sound the same when they are spoken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Words that sound the same but have different
meanings (and sometimes spelling) are called homophones. Therefore</span><em style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><b> they're</b></em><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><i>their</i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><em style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><b>there</b></em><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">are Homophones.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-83723519513305183032017-07-14T04:22:00.001-07:002017-07-14T04:22:15.299-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 4) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Apostrophe S - ('S)<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<h2 style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.1in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Possessive
Case - Genitive Case<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong>The Rules:</strong><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
We normally use
the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>’s</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>with people, animals though it can
also be used with places, organizations and companies (which suggest a group of
people).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
It is not common
to use the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>’s</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>with non-living things.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>A. Singular nouns<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
add <b>'s </b>(apostrophe
S)<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My mother<b>’s</b> house is
next to the beach. (= the house of my mother)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Jason<b>’s</b> car was stolen
last night. (= the car of Jason)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Tomorrow, we’re all going to see
the museum<b>’s</b> new art exhibit.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>B. Plural nouns ending in –s<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
only
add the apostrophe <b>' </b>(without the S)<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The two sister<b>s’</b> house
is next to mine. (= the house of the two sisters)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The plumber<b>s’</b> tools
were rusty. (= the tools of the plumbers)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The player<b>s’</b> boots
were dirty and smelly after the game. (= the boots of the players)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Notice
that the pronunciation is the same for certain possessives:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My friend’s house = the house of
my friend = 1 friend<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">My friends’ house = the house of
my friends = 2 or more friends<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You
can usually distinguish whether the speaker is referring to one or two friends
by listening to the context of what the speaker says.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>C. Plural nouns not ending in –s:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
add <b>'s</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Be careful not to trip over the
children<b>’s </b>toys. (= the toys of the children)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The women<b>’s</b> bathroom
is currently flooded with water.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The presidential candidate is
often called the people<b>’s</b> favorite politician.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>D. Singular noun ending in –s:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
It
depends…<br />
a. Most names: add <b>'s </b>(apostrophe S)<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They had a really good time at
Jame<b>s’s </b>barbecue last Friday.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We spent the day admiring <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">France<b>s</b></st1:place></st1:country-region><b>’s </b>new
car.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
b.
Classical or religious names: add <b>' </b>(only the apostrophe)<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Jesu<b>s’</b> disciples
carried out the teachings of Jesus.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Sophocle<b>s’</b> plays are
still performed today.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>E. Possessive nouns as part of a phrase<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Sometimes
more than one word/noun is a possessive. The same rules as above are still
valid:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The <b>King of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sparta</st1:place></st1:city>’s</b> wife
was called Helen.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">The <b>President of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chile</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s</b> speech
was very long.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I accidentally took <b>someone
else’s</b> bag home by mistake.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">I had to give my boss <b>three
weeks’</b> notice that I was leaving the company.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
If
there are two owners of something, we add <b>'s</b> to the final
name:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Rick and Steve<b>’s</b> car
is quite old.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
But,
if each person owns a car, then add <b>'s </b>to both names:<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Rick<b>’s</b> and Steve<b>’s</b> cars
are quite old.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Notice
how the verb is in plural form.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>F. No Noun<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
If
the meaning is clear, we can use the possessive <i>without</i> a noun
after it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Her hair is longer than
Jill’s. (= Jill’s hair)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We ate at Billy’s last
night. (= Billy’s Diner or Billy’s house)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">Whose bag is this? It’s
Jane’s. (= Jane’s bag)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Have - Has - Go - Goes</span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Conjugation of Have and Go<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>To
Have</b> = To show possession / a quality<o:p></o:p></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">To Go</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = to show movement (travel) in a specific
direction</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh58hEcgAQSfk90bk9omjerMcEvIS1ykFvt6VFKzdqcYq4Ty36TsPJku57tUkataNbsXfa85dmOZMLR-htMc0-rPeYyTncIoQBYrH1cwnIDt5jLgS5aMD6uRG3RlXI55__fy-qb0pL54_MN/s1600/go+vs+goes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="281" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh58hEcgAQSfk90bk9omjerMcEvIS1ykFvt6VFKzdqcYq4Ty36TsPJku57tUkataNbsXfa85dmOZMLR-htMc0-rPeYyTncIoQBYrH1cwnIDt5jLgS5aMD6uRG3RlXI55__fy-qb0pL54_MN/s400/go+vs+goes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Usually
we only add '<b>S</b>' to a verb when we conjugate it in the third person but
notice how <b>To Have</b> and <b>To Go</b> are slightly
irregular (though they still both end in S).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Have and Go in Negative Sentences<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
To
make a negative sentence in English with <b>To Have</b> and <b>To
Go</b> we use <b>Don't</b> or <b>Doesn't</b> followed
by <b>Have</b> or <b>Go</b>(never Has or Goes).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Affirmative:
You <b>have</b> a pen.<br />
Negative: You <b>don't have</b> a pen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You
will see that we add <b>don't</b> between the subject and the verb.
We use <b>Don't</b> when the subject is <b>I</b>, <b>you</b>, <b>we</b> or<b>they</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Affirmative:
He <b>has</b> a pencil.<br />
Negative: He <b>doesn't have</b> a pencil.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
When
the subject is <b>he</b>, <b>she</b> or <b>it</b>, we
add <b>doesn't</b> between the subject and the verb to make a
negative sentence. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Word Order of Negative Sentences<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English
in the Present Tense using <b>Don't</b> or<b>Doesn't</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
*
Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = the
infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive <b>to
have</b> it is just the <b>have</b> part.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Remember
that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins
with <b>TO</b>. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak
etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples
of Negative Sentences with Have:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <b>don't</b> have a
clue.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">John <b>doesn't</b> have
many friends.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>don't</b> have
time for a rest.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>doesn't</b> have
four wheels.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>don't</b> have
the correct answers.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>doesn't</b> have
a nice dress.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples
of Negative Sentences with Go:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <b>don't</b> go to
university.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">John <b>doesn't</b> go
to parties.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>don't</b> go to
work on the weekend.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>doesn't</b> go
fast.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>don't</b> go to
the beach.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>doesn't</b> go to
church.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-37150905948419448922017-07-14T04:14:00.002-07:002017-07-14T04:49:01.165-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 3) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Can - Cannot - Can't</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
Can is a modal verb.<br />
Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.<br />
<br />
Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other verbs)<br />
<br />
The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:<br />
I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the ability to speak Spanish)<br />
He can swim well.<br />
We can see our neighbour in the garden.<br />
They can play the guitar.<br />
<br />
Can - Could<br />
Negative<br />
To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.<br />
We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)<br />
I cannot play the piano.<br />
We can't go to the cinema tonight.<br />
She cannot speak French very well.<br />
He can't drive a car.<br />
<br />
Questions<br />
To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.<br />
The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.<br />
Where can I buy an ice-cream?<br />
Can I go to the party, please?<br />
Can you speak Japanese?<br />
What can we do on Saturday?<br />
Remember that you can use short answers:<br />
Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.<br />
Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.<br />
<br />
<b>Impersonal Can</b><br />
Sometimes you can and Can you…? Are impersonal and refer to people in general.<br />
You can see many stars at night from here. (= people in general can see many stars)<br />
It doesn't necessarily refer to you but people in general.<br />
You can't run naked in the middle of the street.<br />
Not necessarily saying YOU can't run naked in the middle of the street but in general it is not possible for anyone.<br />
<br />
<b>Can - Could</b><br />
Both Can and could are Modal Verbs. In general could is considered more polite (or formal) that Can.<br />
<br />
CAN VS COULD<br />
<br />
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<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Do vs. Does</u></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-decoration-line: underline;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
To make a
question in English we normally use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Do</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Does</b>.
It is normally put at the beginning of the question (before the subject).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Affirmative: You
speak Spanish.<br />
Question:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Do</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>you speak Spanish?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
You will see
that we add<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>DO</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>at the beginning of the affirmative
sentence to make it a question. We use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Do</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>when the subject is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>I</b>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>you</b>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>we</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>they</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Affirmative: He
speaks Spanish.<br />
Question:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Does</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>he speak Spanish?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
When the subject
is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>he</b>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>she</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>it</b>,
we add<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>DOES</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>at the beginning to make the
affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>S</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>at the end of the verb in the
affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the
question. We will see the reason why below.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
We<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>DON'T</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Do</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>does</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in question that have the verb<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>To Be</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Modal
Verbs</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(can, must, might,
should etc.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Word Order of Questions with Do and Does<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
The
following is the word order to construct a basic question in English
using <b>Do</b> or <b>Does</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeI4XFGKCKq8r90pep3zivvHFvYAjd_VLHt6GhE2KoFeDJPDRiFtCurtvyBYczqUyAAcReriG5Ub93D8qOq9oQdjnUc17WMdicKjzpGjzO_zfeVXxZAeoZi5v_tuqWYnfHyzlQHSKmN9dD/s1600/do+vs+does.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="103" data-original-width="362" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeI4XFGKCKq8r90pep3zivvHFvYAjd_VLHt6GhE2KoFeDJPDRiFtCurtvyBYczqUyAAcReriG5Ub93D8qOq9oQdjnUc17WMdicKjzpGjzO_zfeVXxZAeoZi5v_tuqWYnfHyzlQHSKmN9dD/s640/do+vs+does.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
*Verb:
The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = the infinitive
without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive <b>to have</b> it
is just the <b>have</b> part.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remember that the infinitive is the verb before
it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with <b>TO</b>. For example: to
have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.</span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span style="color: #1d222f; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Don't vs. Doesn't</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
To
make a negative sentence in English we normally use <b>don't</b> or <b>doesn't</b> with
all verbs EXCEPT <b>To Be</b> and <b>Modal verbs</b> (Can,
might, should etc.).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Affirmative:
You speak Spanish.<br />
Negative: You <b>don't</b> speak Spanish.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
You
will see that we add <b>don't</b> between the subject and the verb.
We use <b>Don't</b> when the subject is <b>I</b>, <b>you</b>, <b>we</b> or<b>
they</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Affirmative:
He speaks Spanish.<br />
Negative: He <b>doesn't</b> speak Spanish.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">When the subject is <b>he</b>, <b>she</b> or <b>it</b>,
we add <b>doesn't</b> between the subject and the verb to make a
negative sentence. Notice that the letter <b>S</b> at the end of the
verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in
the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Contractions</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Don't</b> = <b>Do not</b><br />
<b>Doesn't</b> = <b>Does not</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
I <b>don't</b> like
fish = I <b>do not</b> like fish.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
There
is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken
English.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Word Order of Negative Sentences<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The following is the word order to construct a
basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using <b>don't</b> or<b>
Doesn't</b>.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQTjPh2TEIquez1EN4gAcD67KPPQFAvc2YYgMV6fd8Iv_r0Hycz58OMmEDMn-OnA7GMqccqJCDJcvFTgdmHPnJEZKsCMN6x7uy1zxoYrjJ8tL7X_5D26EcXVihXZWVrcUCbhfMUg8EnPB/s1600/dont+vs+doesnt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="389" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQTjPh2TEIquez1EN4gAcD67KPPQFAvc2YYgMV6fd8Iv_r0Hycz58OMmEDMn-OnA7GMqccqJCDJcvFTgdmHPnJEZKsCMN6x7uy1zxoYrjJ8tL7X_5D26EcXVihXZWVrcUCbhfMUg8EnPB/s640/dont+vs+doesnt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
*Verb:
The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive
without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive <b>To have</b> it
is just the <b>have</b> part.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Remember
that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins
with <b>TO</b>. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak
etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Examples
of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">You <b>don't</b> speak
Russian.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">John <b>doesn't</b> speak
French.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">We <b>don't</b> have
time for a quick drink.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">It <b>doesn't</b> rain
much in summer.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">They <b>don't</b> want
to come with us.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">She <b>doesn't</b> like
meat.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-3815711181648763762017-07-14T04:04:00.000-07:002017-07-14T04:49:16.628-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 2) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<b><span style="font-size: large;">There are four types of sentence:</span></b><br />
<br />
1. <b>A declarative sentence</b>. A declarative sentence states a fact and ends with a period / full stop.<br />
<br />
(Remember, a statement which contains an indirect question (like this example) is not a question.)<br />
<br />
2. <b>An imperative sentence.</b> An imperative sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an exclamation mark or a period / full stop.<br />
<br />
3. <b>An interrogative sentence.</b> An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.<br />
<br />
4. <b>An exclamatory sentence.</b> An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an exclamation mark.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5lcyUBdKvDGBTT4gwrINSo7mK2Kfj6ZfjGR5jJycQjesQBcckClP43Z46jxalDW-wWf0804HCSengHIwkLBfjytdFB9s_HhYJi2MpUly9x7AGA6_fDiuS6GE-gsB0_jNz0NUEep5OyO0/s1600/sentence+structures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="454" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5lcyUBdKvDGBTT4gwrINSo7mK2Kfj6ZfjGR5jJycQjesQBcckClP43Z46jxalDW-wWf0804HCSengHIwkLBfjytdFB9s_HhYJi2MpUly9x7AGA6_fDiuS6GE-gsB0_jNz0NUEep5OyO0/s640/sentence+structures.jpg" width="500" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>The Four Sentence Structures</b><br />
A sentence can consist of a single clause or several clauses. When a sentence is a single clause, it is called a simple sentence (and the clause is called an <b>independent clause</b>). A sentence must contain at least one independent clause. Below are the four types of sentence structure:<br />
<br />
<b>Complex Sentence</b> A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent.<br />
<b>Compound Sentence</b> - A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses.<br />
<b>Simple Sentence</b> - A simple sentence has just one independent clause.<br />
<b>Compound-Complex Sentence</b> - A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxawJcq129rJjTBbaTF-ektGM6B0W_t52mMnHGAPDvYdYkk6cpFPhhNrMhI0f5FlduFXDrYBqyQIU8_ivGLP-zpcyeI37Bk1_0QuyjQMxDWI4ogJh50ex0lCsuHLNE2m82NWBihQKgJrty/s1600/sentence+structures+samples.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxawJcq129rJjTBbaTF-ektGM6B0W_t52mMnHGAPDvYdYkk6cpFPhhNrMhI0f5FlduFXDrYBqyQIU8_ivGLP-zpcyeI37Bk1_0QuyjQMxDWI4ogJh50ex0lCsuHLNE2m82NWBihQKgJrty/s640/sentence+structures+samples.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>What Is a Phrase?</b><br />
A <b>phrase</b> is a group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence.<br />
<br />
A <b>phrase</b> does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot convey a complete thought. A phrase contrasts with a clause. A clause does contain a subject and verb, and it can convey a complete idea.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB98m3jYoknK_S-iIw5fMRaGObZYX6bq2pVSJe0jjm3apPBDNVOr9yeKq0XG5g-wYKGjaLsgpPtX8Ha4l6s_J3oKXldB7F02ppvPOE6P4DWN7RkRJ6p3Gzhz4jgjknkGlYL_bfepbovDD/s1600/phrase+vs+sentence.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifB98m3jYoknK_S-iIw5fMRaGObZYX6bq2pVSJe0jjm3apPBDNVOr9yeKq0XG5g-wYKGjaLsgpPtX8Ha4l6s_J3oKXldB7F02ppvPOE6P4DWN7RkRJ6p3Gzhz4jgjknkGlYL_bfepbovDD/s640/phrase+vs+sentence.jpg" width="390" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs of Frequency</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ZyQkbB04wq8A-vZi9uG1iRWmLXi2Vs_Ztaakln9ltNibodP88GXh6PhCzx3EmjEOowjosBwkdHF_gVluQBYoIqMRBIL4Crnt_bxvtFnV0zucPDYotU4N4NR5Cn1GUhVIuzXyEuEgICz-/s1600/adverbs+of+frequency.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="451" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ZyQkbB04wq8A-vZi9uG1iRWmLXi2Vs_Ztaakln9ltNibodP88GXh6PhCzx3EmjEOowjosBwkdHF_gVluQBYoIqMRBIL4Crnt_bxvtFnV0zucPDYotU4N4NR5Cn1GUhVIuzXyEuEgICz-/s640/adverbs+of+frequency.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
An <b>adverb of frequency</b> goes before a main verb (except with To Be).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>Subject + adverb + main verb</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
I always remember to do my homework.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
He normally gets good marks in exams.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb to be.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>Subject + to be + adverb</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
They are never pleased to see me.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
She isn't usually bad tempered.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
When we use an <b>auxiliary verb</b> (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
She can sometimes beat me in a race.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
They might never see each other again.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
They could occasionally be heard laughing.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
She hardly ever comes to my parties.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
They never say 'thank you'.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
We use ever in questions and negative statements:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Have you ever been to New Zealand?</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
- Everyday - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every other week</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-17133915658085390172017-07-14T03:32:00.002-07:002017-07-14T04:49:33.236-07:00Basic English Grammar (Part 1) - English Language Proficiency & Communication Skills<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-BH;">I. <u>PARTS OF SPEECH,
SENTENCES AND PHRASES</u></span></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>parts of speech</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>explain how a word is used in a
sentence.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
There
are eight main parts of speech (also know as word classes):<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>interjections</strong>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Most<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>parts of speech</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>can be divided into sub-classes.
Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, prepositions of place
etc. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The eight main parts of speech in English
are</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<b>NOUN - (Naming word)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples of nouns: Daniel, <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>, table, dog, teacher, pen, city,
happiness, hope<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: <b>Steve</b> lives in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><b>Sydney</b></st1:place></st1:city>. <b>Mary</b> uses <b>pen</b> and <b>paper</b> to
write <b>letters</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>PRONOUN - (Replaces a Noun)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to
avoid repetition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me,
us, them, him, her, this, those<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: Mary is tired. <b>She</b> wants
to sleep. <b>I</b> want <b>her</b> to dance with <b>me</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ADJECTIVE - (Describing word)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
An <b>adjective</b> describes, modifies or gives
more information about a noun or pronoun.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: The <b>little</b> girl had
a <b>pink</b> hat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>VERB - (Action Word)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A <b>verb</b> shows an action or state of being.
A verb shows what someone or something is doing.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: go, speak, run, eat, play, live, walk, have,
like, are, is<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: I <b>like</b> Woodward
English. I <b>study</b> their charts and <b>play</b> their
games.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>ADVERB - (Describes a verb)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
An <b>adverb</b> describes/modifies a verb, an
adjective or another adverb. It tells how, where, when, how often or to what
extent. Many adverbs end in -LY<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too, well,
tomorrow, here<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: I am <b>usually</b> busy. <b>Yesterday</b>,
I ate my lunch <b>quickly</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A <b>preposition</b> shows the relationship of a
noun or pronoun to another word. They can indicate time, place, or
relationship.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near, between, about,
under<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: I left my keys <b>on</b> the
table <b>for</b> you.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin: 12pt 0in 4.8pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>CONJUNCTION - (Joining word)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
A <b>conjunction</b> joins two words, ideas,
phrases or clauses together in a sentence and shows how they are connected.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, since,
if.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: I was hot <b>and</b> exhausted <b>but</b> I
still finished the marathon.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>INTERJECTION - (Expressive word)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
An <b>interjection</b> is a word or phrase that
expresses a strong feeling or emotion. It is a short exclamation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! –
Ouch! That hurt.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<h3 dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">ARTICLE - (Defining word) (an adjective)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
An<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>article</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is used before a noun. These are divided
into definite (the) and indefinite (a, an). Articles help define nouns.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Examples:
a, an, the<o:p></o:p></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->Example
sentences: I need<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>a</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dictionary.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>The</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dictionary needs to be in English.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52bFs0p7NwhcBsF_y6pQCpMiC3lHYXPucmUjAAzSfCvdvYvBzrd0uxVl09cB5GKJHWhBLG2Tv7cIyZQNOqDJxzlL5Z4hsAl45NTErNooT8Q90JN_6RHKbCVOIXjBWV7WiG2Jhojah5kKZ/s1600/parts+of+speech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="721" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52bFs0p7NwhcBsF_y6pQCpMiC3lHYXPucmUjAAzSfCvdvYvBzrd0uxVl09cB5GKJHWhBLG2Tv7cIyZQNOqDJxzlL5Z4hsAl45NTErNooT8Q90JN_6RHKbCVOIXjBWV7WiG2Jhojah5kKZ/s640/parts+of+speech.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">What Is a Sentence? (With Examples of the Different Types of
Sentence)</span></u></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete
thought.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">A sentence must contain a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;">subject</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">and a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;">verb</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div dir="LTR" style="background: white; line-height: 17.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
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o:href="http://images.slideplayer.com/2/773129/slides/slide_2.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span dir="LTR">Subject: <span style="background: white;">The subject
of a sentence is the person or thing doing the action or being describe</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Example:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: rgb(224, 224, 224);">Sandra</span> </u></b>ate the pie.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
(<i>Sandra
</i>is the subject of the sentence. <i>Sandra</i> is the subject of
the main verb <i>ate</i>; i.e., <i>Sandra</i> is doing the
action.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="background: rgb(224, 224, 224);">Luke</span></u></b> is putting on weight.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
(<i>Luke</i> is the
subject of the sentence. <i>Luke</i> is the subject of the main
verb <i>is</i>; i.e., <i>Luke</i> is being described.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Verb</b>:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> Verbs are often described as doing words. A verb
usually tells us what action is being performed. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
Example:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->He<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><u><span style="background: #E0E0E0;">ate</span></u></b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the cake.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->She<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><u><span style="background: #E0E0E0;">read</span></u></b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the book.<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt -6pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Verbs can express a physical actions, mental actions, or
states of being. For example:</span><br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span style="background: white;">Verbs Expressing Physical
Actions</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Verbs that express physical actions are the ones
that spring to mind when most people think about verbs. Such verbs are easy to
spot because the action can be easily envisaged. Here are some examples of
verbs expressing physical actions:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to swim<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to write<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to climb<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin-right: 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span style="background: white;">Verbs Expressing Mental
Actions</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Not all actions are physical. Some are mental.
Here are some examples of verbs expressing mental actions:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to think<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to wonder<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to guess<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin-right: 12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b>Being</b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Verbs that are expressing a state of being
(i.e., just existing) are also an action. Below are some examples of verbs that
express a state of being. The most common one (in fact, the most common verb of
all) is the verb<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>to be</i>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to be<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to exist<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="background: white; direction: ltr; margin: 0in 12pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->to appear</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-965911900340013772017-07-09T11:16:00.002-07:002017-07-09T11:16:48.679-07:00Front Office Management & Business Writing<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Skills Required</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Active Listening – giving full attention to what
other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made,
asking questions as appropriate and not interrupting at an inappropriate times.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Coordination – Adjusting one’s actions in
relation to other people’s actions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Speaking – Being able to talk with people to
convey message effectively.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Critical Thinking – using logic and reasoning to
identify strengths and weaknesses, alternative solutions, conclusions and
approaches to problems.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Management of Personnel Resources – motivating,
developing and directing people as they work, and identifying the best fit for
the job.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Time Management – managing one’s own time with
respect to other people’s time.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Monitoring – monitoring/assessing performance of
yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take
corrective actions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Complex Problem Solving – Identifying complex
problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and
implement solutions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Social Perceptiveness – being aware of other’s
reactions and understanding why they react as they do.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Instructing – teaching others how to do
something<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Writing – communicates effectively in writing as
appropriate to the needs of the recipient/audience<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Negotiation – bringing others together and
trying to reconcile differences.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Culture in Workplace Reception and Customer Service Skills</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Phone Etiquette<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Making Appointment<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Typing Correspondence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Setting up Meetings (including the preparation
of the agenda, recording and generating of the minutes)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Written Communication Essentials</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Professional Business Writing Process<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pre-Writing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Business Letter Writing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Email Writing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Professional Business Writing
Process</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 1: Pre-write</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Generate Ideas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
(Brainstorm,
Free Writing, Mind Mapping, Use Post Its [Sticky Notes], Use the 5Ws)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Plan out what you
will say to make your writing more direct and effective.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Use words
sparingly and keep sentences short and direct to the point.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Avoid jargon and
fancy words. Strive for clarity instead.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Make use of the 5
Ws – Who, What, Where, When, Why<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Analyze your
audience – understand and know your audience<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What is important
to them?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What will pursuade/convince
them?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Note
the difference between Formal and Informal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Informal
– thanks for emailing me on 9<sup>th</sup> July.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Formal
– thank you for your email dated July 9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Informal
– Sorry I can’t make it<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Formal
– I am afraid I will not be able to attend<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Informal
– Can you?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Formal
– I was wondering if you could..<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Some emails to
colleagues can be informal if you have a long working relationship and know
them well. This is the style that is closest to speech so there are often
everyday words and conversational expressions that can be used. ‘Don’t forget’,
‘Catch you later’, ‘Cheers’<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->The reader may
also accept of overlook minor grammatical errors in informal emails. However,
if the email is going to a client or senior colleague, bad grammaer and an
over-friendly writing style will most probably not be acceptable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Organize and
Select ideas – document organization<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Methods:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Chronological –
arrange in order of time<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sequential –
characterized by regular sequence or parts<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Geographical –
relating to the natural features, population, industries etc., of a region/s.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cause and Effect<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Level of
Importance<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Compare/Contract<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 2: Draft and Get
feedback<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 3: Revise based on
feedback. Also, make sure your writing has:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Specifics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A positive or
neutral tone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formatting for
emphasis and clarity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 4: Edit</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Conciseness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Keep sentences
short – limit the number of sentences to 20 words or less, try to keep
sentences under 12 words.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Use simple words
instead of long ones<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Eliminate words
that repeat ideas or don’t add value to the sentence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Remember the ‘two
clause’ rule<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Active voice - <span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject is
typically the person or thing performing the action and which can take a direct
object (e.g. </span><i>she loved him</i> as opposed to
the passive form <i>he was loved</i> ). a
form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject is typically the person or
thing performing the action and which can take a direct object (e.g. <i>she loved him</i> as opposed to
the passive form <i>he was loved</i> ).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
A<span style="background: white;">ctive
voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by
the verb. In </span>passive voice sentences, the subject is acted
upon by the verb. Check out the examples below.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
When To Use Passive
Voice <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->When you must
deliver bad news. – The decision to terminate your leave was agreed upon by all
the members of the committee.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->When the subject
is not important or you don’t know the subject. – The children were
delighted by the sudden appearance of
the clown.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->When you aren’t
sure who or what is responsible for an action. – Their house was broken into
last night.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->When you want to
focus attention on the action,not the doer of the action. – When harvest time
approaches, the potato plants are sprayed with a chemical to keep them from
sprouting.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Parallel
construction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Means to
make sure ideas in a list or a series are constructed the same way.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->that parts of the
sentence that are parallel or balanced in meaning should be parallel or
balanced in structure.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Example:
If you write – She likes swimming, running and to play the piano. <i>To play the piano</i> is a different
construction from swimming and running.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
So
you should write – She like swimming, runniong and playing the piano. – to the
make the activties parallel in structure.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
Not Parallel
- A Manager’s job is both rewarding and
a challenge.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Parallel – A
Manager’s job is both rewarding and challenging.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Use construction
that makes meaning clear<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Keep
constructions Parallel<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 5: Proofread</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Agreement <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->make sure subjects
and verbs agree in number<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->are collective
nouns (jury, team, family, etc.) singular or plural, when they function as a
unit; as is usually the case, treat them as singular.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
“The Board is pleased to announce the
promotion of Jane Denver to Acting Manager.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
“The Committee made a decision to move
forward.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
“The jury has reached its decision.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Don’t let
additional words in a sentence muddy the waters/create confusion when they come
between a subject and its verb.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
“The tulips need watering.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
“The tulips in the pot on the balcony need
watering.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Punctuation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Comma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Colon<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Apostrophe<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Spelling – use dictionary,
spelling check.. *tip, i before e, except c.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-35406620919369538772017-07-08T08:09:00.003-07:002017-07-08T08:09:47.355-07:00Front Office Management & Customer Service<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -24px;"><b>Definition and Responsibilities of Front Office Manager</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Front Office Manager – is the senior person in an office environment and accountable for maintaining a professional work environment, staff supervision, and administrative support. He/she uses a number of skills to successfully perform their duties. Two of these skills are a thorough knowledge of the company and an understanding of its products or services they offer. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>What Are the things You Need to Know As FOM</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Product</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Company structure</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Employees Duties</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Work Environment</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Admin Support</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>The Priority Matrix</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> Which as FOM knows how to evaluate tasks according to importance and urgency.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Definition and Difference Between Urgent and Important</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>URGENT –</b> tasks demand your immediate attention.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>IMPORTANT – </b>tasks that matter and not doing them may have serious consequences for you and/or to others.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Distinction between urgent and important is the key to prioritizing your time and workload whether at work or at home.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<b>Workplace Communication Structures, Systems and Processes</b></div>
<div>
<b>Communication</b> - the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.</div>
<div>
<b>Verbal</b> - describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of words.</div>
<div>
<b>Non verbal </b>- describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Five Categories: Haptic, Chronemic, Spatial, Body Language, How one dresses</div>
<div>
1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Basic Principles of Communication</div>
<div>
a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Focus on Behavior (what we do), not personality (what we are)</div>
<div>
b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Be Specific</div>
<div>
c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use the Power of Questions</div>
<div>
1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Open Questions – require more than one word answer</div>
<div>
2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Closed Questions – Answerable with a YES or NO</div>
<div>
3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fact Finding Questions</div>
<div>
4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Clarifying Questions</div>
<div>
5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Developmental Questions – requires the learner to process information, not simply recall it from a lecture, a handbook or other sources.</div>
<div>
6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Testing Questions</div>
<div>
7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Leading Questions – subtly prompts the respondent in a particular way. Leading questions are generally undesirable as they result in false or slanted information.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Listen Actively</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Be Assertive</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>Different Kinds and Characteristics of Business Structure</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Sole Proprietorship</b> – An unincorporated business owned by a single individual. Freelancers and many other self-employed people are, in legal terms, operating a sole (latin word sulos - alone) proprietor business. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Limited Liability Company (LLC) </b>– formed by one or more individuals or entities through a special written agreement. The agreement details the organization of the LLC , including provisions for management, assignability of interests, and distribution of profits and losses. LLCs are permitted to engage in any lawful, for-profit business or activity other than banking or insurance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>General Partnership</b> – composed of two or more persons who agree to contribute money, labor, or skill to a business. Each partner shares the profits, losses, and management of the business, and each partner is personally and equally liable for debts of the partnership. Formal terms of the partnership are usually contained in written partnership agreement.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Limited Partnership</b> – Composed of one or more general partners and one of more limited partners. The General Partners manager the business and share fully in its profits of the business, but their losses are limited to the extent of their investment. Limited Partners are usually not involved in the day to day operations of the business.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Limited Liability Partnership</b> – a limited partnership that chooses to become an LLLP by including a statement to that effect in its certificate of limited partnership. This type of business structure may shield general partners from liability for obligations of the LLLP.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Corporation</b> – a more complex business structure. A corporation has certain rights, privileges, and liabilities beyond those of an individual. Doing business as increased in licensing fees or decreased personal control. Corporations may be formed for profit and non-profit purposes.</div>
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g.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Non-Profit Corporation</b> – a legal entity and is typically run to further an ideal or goal rather than in the interest of profit. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-1453478397279467842017-04-23T09:29:00.003-07:002017-04-23T09:29:55.631-07:00CONDITIONAL FORMATTING in MS Excel<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Conditional Formatting<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5f-IZDJ1cyf8IgnGEYdpXTL6eEASi_lhppcAHKnDSTqnzuG9aav8ScwbURoA1MZFlN1bl6ElCVAoVjDsLoSbbnqJ5y1tR2Yg19-5n4gGeQyQacbvXQAGLHREX45kWipSN4vRIVaqEdwx/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5f-IZDJ1cyf8IgnGEYdpXTL6eEASi_lhppcAHKnDSTqnzuG9aav8ScwbURoA1MZFlN1bl6ElCVAoVjDsLoSbbnqJ5y1tR2Yg19-5n4gGeQyQacbvXQAGLHREX45kWipSN4vRIVaqEdwx/s640/11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-86086842011281784842017-04-23T09:09:00.002-07:002017-04-23T09:15:50.455-07:00IF FUNCTIONS in MS ExcelDATA PROCESSING AND ADVANCE MATH OPERATIONS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
(IF FUNCTION, CONDITIONAL FORMATTING, COUNTIF AND SUMPRODUCTS)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
OBJECTIVES:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
* Understand how the IF Function is composed in Excel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
* Learn to use Conditional Formatting in practical applications<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
* Create a simple Database with IF and Conditional Formatting functions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
THE IF FUNCTION<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>WHERE:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>logical_test - condition based on statements compared by >,< or =<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>[value_if_true] - result if Logical Test/Condition is TRUE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>[value_if_false] - result if Logical Test/Condition is FALSE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>EXAMPLE:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=IF(1=0,"Zero", "Not Zero")<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIIMEregzTHuTpiP7e_CUL2D_if5kWb76enq6T0PrjsrmRUbdFsYBKGM1FfbsYnM_pByOW4Cg79a23mS8hR_QKt_GVoC_PzCoi1T-cZDhx2mPyK4kWTAKaqF0qqV7DRJTmsbDPh_QCjea/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIIMEregzTHuTpiP7e_CUL2D_if5kWb76enq6T0PrjsrmRUbdFsYBKGM1FfbsYnM_pByOW4Cg79a23mS8hR_QKt_GVoC_PzCoi1T-cZDhx2mPyK4kWTAKaqF0qqV7DRJTmsbDPh_QCjea/s400/5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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USING THE IF FUNCTION FOR MULTIPLE CONDITIONS</div>
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* Including AND or OR functions on your "logical test" will enable to test multiple conditions.</div>
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* The AND Function will result to a TRUE if "ALL Conditions are met"</div>
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* The OR Function will result to a TRUE if "ANY of the Conditions is met"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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EXAMPLE:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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Supposed 3 students took exams in Match and Science, the student will pass if the following conditions are met.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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1. Score in Math is Greater than or Equal to 20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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2. Score in Science is Greather than or Equal to 30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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SOLUTION<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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* First, we need to translate the following conditions to Logical Tests<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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1. Score in Math is Greater than or Equal to 20 -- (Score in Math>=20)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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2. Score in Science is Greather than or Equal to 30 -- (Score in Science>=30)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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* Second, we need to determine what Condition to use, AND or OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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the student will pass if the following conditions are met. = ALL CONDITIONS (AND)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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FORMULA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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=IF((AND(Ref Cell of Score in Math>=20, Ref Cell of Score in Science>=30)), "Pass", "Fail")</div>
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USING AND/OR FUNCTIONS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* SUPPOSE WE HAVE THESE TWO CONDITIONS:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Condition 1: Score in Math>=20, Score in Science>=30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Condition 2: Score in Math>=15, Score in Science>=20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* TRANSLATING TO AND/OR FUNCTION<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> =OR(AND(Score in Match>=20,Score in Science>=30),AND(Score in Math>=15,Score in </div>
<div>
Science>=20)),"Pass","Fail")<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>FORMULA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=IF(OR(AND(Score in Match>=20,Score in Science>=30),AND(Score in Math>=15,Score in </div>
<div>
Science>=20)),"Pass","Fail")</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6pJBfMds88KtbarDb-I-Zz5DZ1fuyIo6O96n6YGod90RCoU7CEWFybFrCpznxF8rzZzTMfBqo5udE3L917b-YCpDpio_7yEK6v93QKWleuyEUdlhqfZ7AJsNQS3CxkxDPEkVbGVUg_jO7/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6pJBfMds88KtbarDb-I-Zz5DZ1fuyIo6O96n6YGod90RCoU7CEWFybFrCpznxF8rzZzTMfBqo5udE3L917b-YCpDpio_7yEK6v93QKWleuyEUdlhqfZ7AJsNQS3CxkxDPEkVbGVUg_jO7/s400/9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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USING MULTIPLE IF FUNCTIONS (NESTED IF FUNCTIONS)</div>
<div>
* Suppose we have three conditions:</div>
<div>
GOOD: 60 or more (>=60)</div>
<div>
SATISFACTORY: between 60 and 40 (>40 and <60)</div>
<div>
POOR: 40 or less (<=40)
SOLUTION</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
*First we need to get the SUM of Math and Science</div>
<div>
*Then this formula
=IF(TOTAL>=60, "Good",IF(TOTAL>40,"Satisfactory","Poor"))</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-9325421581077561262017-04-21T00:19:00.000-07:002017-04-21T00:19:10.949-07:00MAKING A SIMPLE TIME IN, TIME OUT COUNTER in MS Excel<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
MAKING A SIMPLE TIME IN, TIME OUT COUNTER</div>
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1.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwqiFx1zNH3jLYGmgOGbB7Op4qgxxcyQryFJJsGX9NvR8Dt0ndQx4hxLxdK6jHt3MWMnassFSWpSyLvI5KoE2iiufwZ1up77mr6FX_YJNst_MaotLnZMJpub30nA2mmFg3S1ZFMK3h1TUE/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwqiFx1zNH3jLYGmgOGbB7Op4qgxxcyQryFJJsGX9NvR8Dt0ndQx4hxLxdK6jHt3MWMnassFSWpSyLvI5KoE2iiufwZ1up77mr6FX_YJNst_MaotLnZMJpub30nA2mmFg3S1ZFMK3h1TUE/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
2. Apply Formatting accordingly<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A1 - Category: Date, Type: 3/14/01<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B1 - Category: Time, type: 1:30 PM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>C1 - Category: Time, type: 1:30 PM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>D1 - Category: Number, use two decimal places<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
3. Input Date, Time in and Time out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
4. For cell D2, apply the following formula<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=IF(C2=B2, 24,MOD(C2-B2,1)*24)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-8180042760268153332017-04-21T00:16:00.002-07:002017-04-21T00:16:17.791-07:00STEVE CHASE' COUNTDOWN TIMER in MS ExcelSTEVE CHASE' COUNTDOWN TIMER<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1. Type the labels in A1 through A4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A1 = Date and Time today<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A2 = Hour<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A3 = Minute<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A4 = Second<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2. Enter the formulas in column B<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B1 =NOW()<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B2 =HOUR(B1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B3 =MINUTE(B1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B4 =SECOND(B1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*Note: The NOW function displays the current date and time. Pressing F9 key will update the value. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The HOUR function displays the current hour expressed in Military Time; Zero is 12:00 AM and 23 is 11:00PM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3. Type these labels in D1 though D4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>D1 = Event Date<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>D2 = Event Hour<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>D3 = Event Minute<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>D4 = Event Second<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4. Type in the datails of the Event Schedule in cells E1 through E4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5. Type these labels in cells G1 through G4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>G1 = Days<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>G2 = Hours<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>G3 = Minutes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>G4 = Seconds<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6. Type in the FORMULAS in H1 through H4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H1 =INT(E1-B1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2 =IF(E2>=B2,E2-B2,24-B2+E2) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3 =INT(E3-B3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H4 =INT(E4-B4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7. Make the Display by using this function<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>="Just"&H1&"Days"&H2&"Hours"&H3&"Minutes"&H4&"Seconds Left"Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-80306340213915993142017-04-21T00:13:00.001-07:002017-04-21T00:13:09.919-07:00Date and Time Functions in MS ExcelOverview of Dates and Time in Excel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
Objectives:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Understand how Date and Time Functions are used in Excel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Create a Database using Date and Time Functions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Create a Countdown Timer with Date using Excel Date and Time Functions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
DATES IN EXCEL<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Excel Dates can be added, subtracted and included in other calculations<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Excel stores dates in "Assigned Serial Numbers"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 - assigned Serial Number for Date "January 1, 1900" for WINDOWS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 - assigned Serial Number for Date "January 1, 1904" for MAC<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Question:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What Date represents 30240?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exercise 1.a. Convert these numbers into Date<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>143<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14344<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exercise 1.b. Convert these Dates to Numbers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>April 14, 2017<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>July 5, 1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>March 11, 2015<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
TIME IN EXCEL<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*Times are stored as "Decimal Numbers" between 0.0 and 0.99999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*Excel stores dates in "Assigned Serial Numbers"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.0 - 00:00:00 (12:00:00 AM)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.99999 - 11:59:59 PM)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exercise 1.a. Covert these Decimal Numbers to Time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.4375<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.47197<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.50347<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
DATE FUNCTIONS USED IN EXCEL<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* NOW() and TODAY () Function<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=NOW() - displays current date and time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=TODAY() - displays current date only<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45zJfGiFpKKv7b6xE40db6knuGhvOTPBVVHv9DL_j43tps7CqUV8R_9i_ocbiHuqWNCk0NijUREZPNX56theKI_eRhW8aBm_8ceqHeLKdcu61FvtoUJSizhhWzsA_S36Nt2fe8NJcw4Sk/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45zJfGiFpKKv7b6xE40db6knuGhvOTPBVVHv9DL_j43tps7CqUV8R_9i_ocbiHuqWNCk0NijUREZPNX56theKI_eRhW8aBm_8ceqHeLKdcu61FvtoUJSizhhWzsA_S36Nt2fe8NJcw4Sk/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
* <b>Determining the age based on Birthdate</b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=int(yearfrac("Cell Number of Birthdate",TODAY()))<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>--<b>INT </b>(integer-number) Rounds the number to the nearest integer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>--<b>YEARFRAC</b> (year fraction) Returns the year fraction representing the number of whole<br />
days between start_date and end_date<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Determining if Minor/Adult<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=if(int(yearfrac("Cell Number of Birthdate",TODAY())) <18, "Minor","Adult")<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Determining the age on a specific date<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=int(yearfrac("Cell Number of Birthdate",DATE(Year,Month,Day)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>--MONTH should be in number EXAMPLE: October is 10, January is 1<br />
<br />
<b>CALCULATING RETIREMENT DATE IN EXCEL</b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><b> </b> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Create the table below:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3MdzXeK9Xw3zXJUcY0YFg4Y6eZVEuZ4bYwZWq8pDE_UWULr7XhqoCS5g129_RVLqLXJ8CZTBMdan36ttF1oafovexUCN8_MwAkvbNGj0x3VlMXMd-_14HBCvMnhJh1WIKKrWzrbGlLPbN/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3MdzXeK9Xw3zXJUcY0YFg4Y6eZVEuZ4bYwZWq8pDE_UWULr7XhqoCS5g129_RVLqLXJ8CZTBMdan36ttF1oafovexUCN8_MwAkvbNGj0x3VlMXMd-_14HBCvMnhJh1WIKKrWzrbGlLPbN/s640/2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>* Determining the Retirement Date (END DATE)</b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><b> </b> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=EDATE("reference cell for birthdate",12*65)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* Determining the number of Years before Retirement<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=YEARFRAC(TODAY(), reference cell for end date)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>* To Display only the year in the Retirement Date<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=YEAR(EDATE(reference cell for birthdate, 12*60)Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-14035219090775273782017-04-14T12:45:00.000-07:002017-04-14T12:45:21.397-07:00VLOOKUP, MATCH AND INDEX MATCH - MS EXCEL INTERMEDIATE<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 571px;">
<colgroup><col span="3" style="mso-width-alt: 3547; mso-width-source: userset; width: 73pt;" width="97"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 4352; mso-width-source: userset; width: 89pt;" width="119"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 3547; mso-width-source: userset; width: 73pt;" width="97"></col>
<col style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" colspan="2" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan; width: 146pt;" width="194">VLOOKUP Function</td>
<td style="width: 73pt;" width="97"></td>
<td style="width: 89pt;" width="119"></td>
<td style="width: 73pt;" width="97"></td>
<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="79" style="height: 59.25pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl93" colspan="6" height="79" style="height: 59.25pt; width: 429pt;" width="571">VLOOKUP is an Excel function to lookup and retrieve data from a
specific column in table. VLOOKUP supports approximate and exact matching,
and wildcards (* ?) for partial matches. The "V" stands for
"vertical". Lookup values must appear in the first column of the
table, with lookup columns to the right.</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">FORMULA</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td colspan="5" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,
col_index_num, [range_lookup])</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;"><span class="font5">VALUE</span><span class="font0"> - The value to look for in the
first column of a table.</span></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;"><span class="font5">TABLE</span><span class="font0"> - The table from which to
retrieve a value.</span></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td colspan="5" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;"><span class="font5">COL_INDEX_NUM</span><span class="font0"> - The column in the
table from which to retrieve a value.</span></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td colspan="6" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;"><span class="font5">RANGE_LOOKUP</span><span class="font0"> - [optional] TRUE =
approximate match (default). FALSE = exact match.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>SEARCH</b></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl83" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">ID Number</td>
<td class="xl83" style="border-left: none;">First Name</td>
<td class="xl83" style="border-left: none;">Last Name</td>
<td class="xl83" style="border-left: none;">Email Address</td>
<td class="xl83" style="border-left: none;">Department</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">567</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Holly</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Holm</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">hh@hh.com</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">OPD</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="26" style="height: 19.5pt;">
<td class="xl82" height="26" style="height: 19.5pt;">1</td>
<td class="xl82">2</td>
<td class="xl82">3</td>
<td class="xl82">4</td>
<td class="xl82">5</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td class="xl67" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">ID Num</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: none;">First Name</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: none;">Last name</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: none;">Email Address</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-left: none;">Department</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl75" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">123</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none;">Joe</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none;">Rogan</td>
<td class="xl79" style="border-left: none;"><a href="mailto:jr@gmail.com">jr@gmail.com</a></td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none;">HR</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl70" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">234</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Brendan</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Schaub</td>
<td class="xl77" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><a href="mailto:br@aol.com">br@aol.com</a></td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Purchasing</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl70" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">345</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Ronda</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Rousey</td>
<td class="xl77" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><a href="mailto:rr@yahoo.com">rr@yahoo.com</a></td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Med Admin</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl70" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">456</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Manny</td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Pacquiao</td>
<td class="xl77" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><a href="mailto:mp@hotmail.com">mp@hotmail.com</a></td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">OR</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl72" height="21" style="border-top: none; height: 15.75pt;">567</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Holly</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Holm</td>
<td class="xl81" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><a href="mailto:hh@hh.com">hh@hh.com</a></td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">OPD</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="xl84"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl88" colspan="2" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">MATCH
FUNCTION</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="38" style="height: 28.5pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl94" colspan="5" height="38" style="height: 28.5pt; width: 381pt;" width="507">The
basic MATCH function returns a NUMBER based on the relative position of a
lookup value within a defined array / column. </td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl76" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td class="xl76"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl88" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">FORMULA</td>
<td class="xl76"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl91" colspan="4" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">=MATCH(lookup
value, lookup array, match type)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td class="xl76" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;"></td>
<td class="xl76"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">
<td class="xl89" height="21" style="height: 15.75pt;">LookUpValue</td>
<td class="xl90" style="border-left: none;">RESULT</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl66" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Pacquiao</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none;">4</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl87" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td class="xl76"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" colspan="2" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">INDEX
FUNCTION</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl91" colspan="3" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">=INDEX(array,MATCH
formula )</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">LookUp Value</td>
<td>Index Match</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl86" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Last Name</td>
<td class="xl86" style="border-left: none;">ID Num</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl85" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Pacquiao</td>
<td class="xl85" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">456</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl85" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Rousey</td>
<td class="xl85" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl85" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;"> </td>
<td class="xl85" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl87" colspan="6" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">=INDEX
( Column I want a return value from , MATCH ( My Lookup Value , Column I want
to Lookup against , Enter “0” ))</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl87" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" colspan="2" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">VLOOKUP
to a different Sheet</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl64" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Formula</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl92" colspan="3" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; mso-ignore: colspan;">=VLOOKUP(A2,Sheet1!F10:G20,2,FALSE)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4339494038644015553.post-81196254033868258192017-01-07T21:52:00.004-08:002017-01-07T21:54:48.991-08:00MS Excel: Formula Inputs For Formulas and Charts & Excel's Golden Rule<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="330" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JdMI7OblpvI" width="540"></iframe><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ladies, I find it very useful and so easy to follow.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u>MS Excel</u></i></b>: Formula Inputs For Formulas and Charts & Excel's Golden Rule</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Enjoy!</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
credits to: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkndrGoNpUDV-uia6a9jwVg" target="_blank">ExcelIsFun</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com